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Glycans, particularly in immunoglobulin G (IgG), have emerged as potential biomarkers of ageing, with changes in glycosylation patterns correlating with chronological age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    For precision analysis, three different plasma pools were analysed over 26\u00a0days in tetraplicates, 312 samples in total. In short-term variability analysis, two cohorts were analysed: AstraZeneca MFO cohort of 26 healthy individuals (median age 20) and a cohort of 70 premenopausal Chinese women (median age 22.5) cohort monitored over 3\u00a0months. Long-term variability analysis involved two adult men aged 47 and 57, monitored for 5 and 10\u00a0years, respectively. Samples were collected every 3\u00a0months and 3\u00a0weeks, respectively. IgG\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -glycan analysis followed a standardized approach by isolating IgG, its subsequent denaturation and deglycosylation followed by glycan cleanup and labelling. Capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CGE-LIF) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography analyses were employed for glycan profiling. Statistical analysis involved normalization, batch correction, and linear mixed models to assess time effects on derived glycan traits.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The intermediate precision results consistently exhibited very low coefficient of variation values across all three test samples. This consistent pattern underscores the high level of precision inherent in the CGE method for analysing the glycan clock of ageing. The AstraZeneca MFO cohort did not show any statistically significant trends, whereas the menstrual cycle cohort exhibited statistically significant trends in digalactosylated (G2), agalactosylated (G0) and fucosylation (F). These trends were attributed to the effects of the menstrual cycle. Long-term stability analysis identified enduring age-related trends in both subjects, showing a positive time effect in G0 and bisected\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -acetylglucosamine, as well as a negative time effect in G2 and sialylation, aligning with earlier findings. Time effects measured for monogalactosylation, and F remained substantially lower than ones observed for other traits.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The study found that IgG\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -glycome analysis using CGE-LIF exhibited remarkably high intermediate precision. Moreover, the study highlights the short- and long-term stability of IgG glycome composition, coupled with a notable capacity to adapt and respond to physiological changes and environmental influences such as hormonal changes, disease, and interventions. The discoveries from this study propel personalized medicine forward by deepening our understanding of how IgG glycome relates to age-related health concerns. This study underscores the reliability of glycans as a biomarker for tracking age-related changes and individual health paths.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01239-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T18:01:27Z","timestamp":1718388087000},"page":"5781-5796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Glycan clock of ageing\u2014analytical precision and time-dependent inter- and i-individual variability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7265-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borna","family":"Rap\u010dan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manshu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0751-4421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azra","family":"Frkatovi\u0107-Hod\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1071-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tea","family":"Pribi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3194-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakov","family":"Vuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-9600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An\u0111elo","family":"Beleti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6152-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Hani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1336-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julija","family":"Juri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Tominac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6722-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josip","family":"Milas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8185-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedrana","family":"Ivi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6087-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Viland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1686-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0680-934X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branko","family":"\u0160ego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6770-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Heffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1430-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0784-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1840-9560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordan","family":"Lauc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.5.1731","volume":"167","author":"R Parekh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Parekh R, Roitt I, Isenberg D, Dwek R, Rademacher T. 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The plasma pool use was approved by the ethical board of the Croatian Institute for Transfusion Medicine (protocol code 251\u2013541-0616\u20131). The \u201cAstraZeneca MFO\u201d study was approved by the Committee of the School of Medicine at the University of Osijek (protocol code 2158\u201361-46\u201322-149). The menstrual cycle cohort was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Capital Medical University (CMU), Beijing, China (protocol code 2016SY106) and by the Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine at the University of Zagreb, Croatia (protocol code 380\u201359-10106\u201318-111\/151). The longitudinal study on two individuals was approved by the Ethical Board of Genos Ltd. (protocol code U-2023\u201305-589). The study was performed according to the Helsinki Declarations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Gordan Lauc is the founder and CEO of Genos Ltd. Borna Rap\u010dan, Azra Frkatovi\u0107, Tea Pribi\u0107, An\u0111elo Beleti\u0107 and Maja Hani\u0107 are employees of Genos Ltd. Julija Juri\u0107 is an employee of GlycanAge Ltd. The participation of all authors from the companies did not affect their objectivity and authenticity of the experimental results. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}