{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:36:48Z","timestamp":1790437008420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001249","name":"University of Tasmania","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gait and key-tapping are individually associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. However, it is unclear if these motor functions are correlated, or whether combining them improves classification of objective (dementia, MCI) and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). We recruited 73 participants with dementia, 106 MCI, 57 SCI, and 83 cognitively healthy controls (HC). Consensus diagnosis was made after gold-standard interdisciplinary assessment. Fast-paced gait was assessed on an electronic walkway and fast-paced key-tapping on a computer keyboard. Correlations between gait and key-tapping measures (speed, frequency, variability and contact) were tested using Pearson\u2019s correlation. Classification accuracy was calculated using area under receiver-operating-characteristic curves (AUC) and compared to the null model comprising age, sex and education. Gait and key-tapping measures correlated moderately. Combined gait and key-tapping speed improved classification accuracy of dementia (.97), and MCI (.91), from HC, but not SCI, compared to gait (dementia: .94, MCI: .87) or the null model (dementia: .89, MCI: .79). Gait and key-tapping measures were associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia, but the effect size for key-tapping variability was larger in vascular dementia (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 225.71) compared to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 38.30). Gait and key-tapping variability was associated with non-amnestic MCI. Measures of gait were correlated with corresponding key-tapping measures, but their association with cognitive impairment was not the same. Combining gait and key-tapping motor measures improved classification accuracy of MCI and dementia. This suggests gait and key-tapping measures provide information about different aspects of motor-cognitive association worth further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01678-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T23:46:05Z","timestamp":1746661565000},"page":"829-842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stepping and tapping: combining motor tasks improves cognitive classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaylee D.","family":"Rudd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2122-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele L.","family":"Callisaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Lawler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alastair J.","family":"Noyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Vickers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Alty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","volume":"7","author":"E Nichols","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nichols E, Steinmetz JD, Vollset SE, Fukutaki K, Chalek J, Abd-Allah F, et al. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2):e105\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8.","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"10452","key":"1678_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)01296-0","volume":"404","author":"G Livingston","year":"2024","unstructured":"Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, Costafreda SG, Selb\u00e6k G, Alladi S, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. The Lancet. 2024;404(10452):572\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)01296-0.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12336","volume":"130","author":"AJ Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell AJ, Beaumont H, Ferguson D, Yadegarfar M, Stubbs B. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130(6):439\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.12336.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00844-z","volume":"45","author":"KD Rudd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudd KD, Lawler K, Callisaya ML, Alty J. Investigating the associations between upper limb motor function and cognitive impairment: a scoping review. GeroScience. 2023;45(6):3449\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-023-00844-z.","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"12","key":"1678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu117","volume":"69","author":"AS Buchman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchman AS, Yu L, Wilson RS, Boyle PA, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, et al. Brain pathology contributes to simultaneous change in physical frailty and cognition in old age. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2014;69(12):1536\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glu117.","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"issue":"9","key":"1678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15341","volume":"66","author":"M Montero-Odasso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montero-Odasso M, Speechley M, Muir-Hunter SW, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Sposato LA, Hachinski V, et al. Motor and cognitive trajectories before dementia: results from gait and brain study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(9):1676\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15341.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt002","volume":"68","author":"JM Hausdorff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hausdorff JM, Buchman AS. What links gait speed and MCI with dementia? A fresh look at the association between motor and cognitive function. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2013;68(4):409\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glt002.","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01550-y","volume":"33","author":"G Basile","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basile G, Sardella A. From cognitive to motor impairment and from sarcopenia to cognitive impairment: a bidirectional pathway towards frailty and disability. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(2):469\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01550-y.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.05.014","volume":"124","author":"G Grande","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grande G, Triolo F, Nuara A, Welmer A-K, Fratiglioni L, Vetrano DL. Measuring gait speed to better identify prodromal dementia. Exp Gerontol. 2019;124: 110625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2019.05.014.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0246-z","volume":"13","author":"G Abellan Van Kan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abellan Van Kan G, Rolland Y, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Beauchet O, Bonnefoy M, et al. Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people an International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) Task Force. The Journal of nutrition health and aging. 2009;13(10):881\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-009-0246-z.","journal-title":"The Journal of nutrition health and aging"},{"key":"1678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.05.008","volume":"81","author":"N Veronese","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veronese N, Stubbs B, Trevisan C, Bolzetta F, De Rui M, Solmi M, et al. What physical performance measures predict incident cognitive decline among intact older adults? A 4.4 year follow up study. Experimental Gerontology. 2016;81:110\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2016.05.008.","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology."},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004153","volume":"89","author":"AL Rosso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosso AL, Verghese J, Metti AL, Boudreau RM, Aizenstein HJ, Kritchevsky S, et al. Slowing gait and risk for cognitive impairment: the hippocampus as a shared neural substrate. Neurology. 2017;89(4):336\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004153.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12298","volume":"17","author":"F Pieruccini-Faria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pieruccini-Faria F, Black SE, Masellis M, Smith EE, Almeida QJ, Li KZH, et al. Gait variability across neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders: results from the Canadian Consortium of Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) and the Gait and Brain Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(8):1317\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12298.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"1678_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0643","volume":"74","author":"MM Montero-Odasso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montero-Odasso MM, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Speechley M, Borrie MJ, Hachinski VC, Wells J, et al. Association of dual-task gait with incident dementia in mild cognitive impairment: results from the gait and brain study. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(7):857\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0643.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12353","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12353","volume":"14","author":"SG Orchard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orchard SG, Polekhina G, Ryan J, Shah RC, Storey E, Chong TT-J, et al. Combination of gait speed and grip strength to predict cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring. 2022;14(1):e12353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12353.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring."},{"key":"1678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104883","volume":"106","author":"T Tajimi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tajimi T, Furuta Y, Hirabayashi N, Honda T, Hata J, Ohara T, et al. Association of gait speed with regional brain volumes and risk of dementia in older Japanese: The Hisayama study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2023;106: 104883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104883.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"1678_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.020","volume":"74","author":"Q Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian Q, Chastan N, Bair W-N, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L, Studenski SA. The brain map of gait variability in aging, cognitive impairment and dementia\u2014a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74:149\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.020.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12068","volume":"6","author":"M Montero-Odasso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montero-Odasso M, Pieruccini-Faria F, Ismail Z, Li K, Lim A, Phillips N, et al. CCCDTD5 recommendations on early non cognitive markers of dementia: a Canadian consensus. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 2020;6(1): e12068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/trc2.12068.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions"},{"key":"1678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudd, KD, Lawler, K, Callisaya, ML, Bindoff, AD, Chiranakorn-Costa, S, Li, R, et al. (2024). Hand motor dysfunction is associated with both subjective and objective cognitive impairment across the dementia continuum. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 1-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000540412","DOI":"10.1159\/000540412"},{"key":"1678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105232","volume":"117","author":"KE Kobayashi-Cuya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kobayashi-Cuya KE, Sakurai R, Sakuma N, Suzuki H, Ogawa S, Takebayashi T, et al. Bidirectional associations of high-level cognitive domains with hand motor function and gait speed in high-functioning older adults: a 7-year study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024;117: 105232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105232.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13401","volume":"20","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, St George RJ, Bindoff AD, Noyce AJ, Lawler K, Roccati E, et al. Estimating presymptomatic episodic memory impairment using simple hand movement tests: a cross-sectional study of a large sample of older adults. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20(1):173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.13401.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"1678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-221297","volume":"95","author":"V Koppelmans","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koppelmans V, Ruitenberg MFL, Schaefer SY, King JB, Hoffman JM, Mejia AF, et al. Delayed and more variable unimanual and bimanual finger tapping in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: associations with biomarkers and applications for classification. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;95:1233\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-221297.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1678_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv066","volume":"70","author":"ML Callisaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Callisaya ML, Blizzard CL, Wood AG, Thrift AG, Wardill T, Srikanth VK. Longitudinal relationships between cognitive decline and gait slowing: the Tasmanian Study of Cognition and Gait. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2015;70(10):1226\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glv066.","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"key":"1678_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.625551","volume":"13","author":"M Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui M, Zhang S, Liu Y, Gang X, Wang G. Grip strength and the risk of cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2021;13: 625551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.625551.","journal-title":"Frontiers in aging neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"1678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11121233","volume":"11","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar S, Rani S, Sharma S, Min H. Multimodality fusion aspects of medical diagnosis: a comprehensive review. Bioengineering. 2024;11(12):1233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering11121233.","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"1678_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210684","volume":"84","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Shinkawa K, Kobayashi M, Caggiano V, Nemoto M, Nemoto K, et al. Combining multimodal behavioral data of gait, speech, and drawing for classification of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2021;84:315\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-210684.","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"10","key":"1678_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2018.1488940","volume":"23","author":"MG Borda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borda MG, Reyes-Ortiz C, P\u00e9rez-Zepeda MU, Patino-Hernandez D, G\u00f3mez-Arteaga C, Cano-Guti\u00e9rrez CA. Educational level and its association with the domains of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test. Aging Ment Health. 2019;23(10):1300\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2018.1488940.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1678_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5988","volume":"38","author":"J Alty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alty J, Lawler K, Salmon K, McDonald S, Stuart K, Cleary A, et al. A new one-stop interdisciplinary cognitive clinic model tackles rural health inequality and halves the time to diagnosis: benchmarked against a national dementia registry. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;38(8): e5988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.5988.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181","volume":"10","author":"PS Sachdev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sachdev PS, Blacker D, Blazer DG, Ganguli M, Jeste DV, Paulsen JS, et al. Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(11):634\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000313","volume":"22","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn). 2016;22(2):404\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CON.0000000000000313.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn)."},{"issue":"3","key":"1678_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34688","volume":"11","author":"L Bartlett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bartlett L, Doherty K, Farrow M, Kim S, Hill E, King A, et al. Island study linking aging and neurodegenerative disease (ISLAND) targeting dementia risk reduction: protocol for a prospective web-based cohort study. JMIR Research Protocols. 2022;11(3): e34688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/34688.","journal-title":"JMIR Research Protocols"},{"issue":"3","key":"1678_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2008.582","volume":"66","author":"AL Fitzpatrick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick AL, Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Diehr P, O\u2019Meara ES, Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Midlife and late-life obesity and the risk of dementia: cardiovascular health study. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(3):336\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2008.582.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00353","volume":"11","author":"O Beauchet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beauchet O, Allali G, Sekhon H, Verghese J, Guilain S, Steinmetz J-P, et al. Guidelines for assessment of gait and reference values for spatiotemporal gait parameters in older adults: the biomathics and Canadian gait consortiums initiative. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00353.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096260","volume":"9","author":"AJ Noyce","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noyce AJ, Nagy A, Acharya S, Hadavi S, Bestwick JP, Fearnley J, et al. Bradykinesia-akinesia incoordination test: validating an online keyboard test of upper limb function. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4): e96260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096260.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.07.021","volume":"121","author":"MA Mollica","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mollica MA, Tort-Merino A, Navarra J, Fern\u00e1ndez-Prieto I, Valech N, Olives J, et al. Early detection of subtle motor dysfunction in cognitively normal subjects with amyloid-\u03b2 positivity. Cortex. 2019;121:117\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.07.021.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03405-9","volume":"22","author":"S Bovonsunthonchai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bovonsunthonchai S, Vachalathiti R, Hiengkaew V, Bryant MS, Richards J, Senanarong V. Quantitative gait analysis in mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and cognitively intact individuals: a cross-sectional case-control study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03405-9.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"1678_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813","volume":"138","author":"G Maldonado","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maldonado G, Greenland S. Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138(11):923\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1678_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koppelmans, V, Ruitenberg, MFL, Schaefer, SY, King, JB, Jacobo, JM, Silvester, BP, et al. Classification of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease using manual motor measures. Neurodegenerative Diseases. 2024:54\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000539800","DOI":"10.1159\/000539800"},{"key":"1678_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2020.21","volume":"7","author":"MN Sabbagh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sabbagh MN, Boada M, Borson S, Chilukuri M, Dubois B, Ingram J, et al. Early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in primary care. The Journal of prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. 2020;7:165\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jpad.2020.21.","journal-title":"The Journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease"},{"issue":"46","key":"1678_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7879","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0579-23.2023","volume":"43","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Chan MY, Han L, Carreno CA, Winter-Nelson E, Wig GS, et al. Dissociable effects of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related cognitive dysfunction and aging on functional brain network segregation. J Neurosci. 2023;43(46):7879\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0579-23.2023.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics9060165","volume":"9","author":"A Manelis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manelis A, Hu H, Satz S. The relationship between reduced hand dexterity and brain structure abnormality in older adults. Geriatrics. 2024;9(6):165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics9060165.","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"1678_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08838-9","volume":"32","author":"HY Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park HY, Suh CH, Heo H, Shim WH, Kim SJ. Diagnostic performance of hippocampal volumetry in Alzheimer\u2019s disease or mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(10):6979\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-08838-9.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"36","key":"1678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000034997","volume":"102","author":"G Rao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rao G, Gao H, Wang X, Zhang J, Ye M, Rao L. MRI measurements of brain hippocampus volume in relation to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2023;102(36): e34997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000034997.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01031-6","volume":"14","author":"P Arrondo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arrondo P, El\u00eda-Zudaire \u00d3, Mart\u00ed-Andr\u00e9s G, Fern\u00e1ndez-Seara MA, Riverol M. Grey matter changes on brain MRI in subjective cognitive decline: a systematic review. Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy. 2022;14(1):98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-022-01031-6.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Research & Therapy"},{"key":"1678_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.007","volume":"120","author":"H-Y Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu H-Y, Ou Y-N, Shen X-N, Qu Y, Ma Y-H, Wang Z-T, et al. White matter hyperintensities and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 prospective studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;120:16\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.007.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1678_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.11.010","volume":"115","author":"O Beauchet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchet O, Launay CP, Sekhon H, Montembeault M, Allali G. Association of hippocampal volume with gait variability in pre-dementia and dementia stages of Alzheimer disease: results from a cross-sectional study. Exp Gerontol. 2019;115:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2018.11.010.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75617-1","volume":"10","author":"F Zhai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhai F, Liu J, Su N, Han F, Zhou L, Ni J, et al. Disrupted white matter integrity and network connectivity are related to poor motor performance. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-75617-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"s1","key":"1678_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181140","volume":"71","author":"AL Rosso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosso AL, Metti AL, Faulkner K, Redfern M, Yaffe K, Launer L, et al. Complex walking tasks and risk for cognitive decline in high functioning older adults. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2019;71(s1):S65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-181140.","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1009","volume":"4","author":"AW Toga","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toga AW, Thompson PM. Mapping brain asymmetry. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(1):37\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1009.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01678-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01678-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01678-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:24:55Z","timestamp":1773048295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01678-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01678-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}