{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T01:28:31Z","timestamp":1778030911654,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS102190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS102190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1NS120947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1NS120947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL161253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL161253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL071194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL071194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL070848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL070848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL070847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL070847"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL070842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL070842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL070841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL070841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL070837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL070837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL070838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL070838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL070839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL070839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL089467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL089467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35AG071916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35AG071916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG027810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG027810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG042124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG042124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG042139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG042139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG042140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG042140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG042143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG042143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG042145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG042145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG042168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG042168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG066671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG066671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AR066160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AR066160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR002369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01730-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T04:11:54Z","timestamp":1749874314000},"page":"1277-1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Linking sleep microstructure, blood markers of inflammation and metabolism, and cognition: mediation analysis in the osteoporotic fractures in men study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Suen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xihong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Brandon","family":"Westover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Yaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine E.","family":"Ensrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Redline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolph E.","family":"Tanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5041-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1730_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.010","volume":"80","author":"CJ Lowe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lowe CJ, Safati A, Hall PA. The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: a meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:586\u2013604.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1730_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815571935","volume":"57","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wickens CD, Hutchins SD, Laux L, Sebok A. The impact of sleep disruption on complex cognitive tasks: a meta-analysis. Hum Factors. 2015;57:930\u201346.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"1730_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945661","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.945661","volume":"16","author":"KI Thompson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson KI, et al. Acute sleep deprivation disrupts emotion, cognition, inflammation, and cortisol in young healthy adults. Front Behav Neurosci. 2022;16:945661.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1730_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2325152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.25152","volume":"6","author":"MP Pase","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pase MP, et al. Sleep architecture, obstructive sleep apnea, and cognitive function in adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2325152\u2013e2325152.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1730_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.014","volume":"24","author":"JM Mullington","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mullington JM, Simpson NS, Meier-Ewert HK, Haack M. Sleep loss and inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24:775\u201384.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1730_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000453","volume":"55","author":"RF Gottesman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gottesman RF, et al. Impact of sleep disorders and disturbed sleep on brain health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2024;55:e61\u201376.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1730_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.05.002","volume":"39","author":"BA Mander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mander BA, Winer JR, Jagust WJ, Walker MP. Sleep: a novel mechanistic pathway, biomarker, and treatment target in the pathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Trends Neurosci. 2016;39:552\u201366.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1730_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Short MA, Banks S The functional impact of sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, and sleep fragmentation. in Sleep Deprivation and Disease (ed. Bianchi, M. T.) 13\u201326 (Springer New York, New York, NY, 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-9087-6_2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9087-6_2"},{"key":"1730_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2018","volume":"100","author":"LMJ Fernandez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fernandez LMJ, L\u00fcthi A. Sleep spindles: mechanisms and functions. Physiol Rev. 2020;100:805\u201368.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1730_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0309-5","volume":"14","author":"K Kam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kam K, et al. Sleep oscillation-specific associations with Alzheimer\u2019s disease CSF biomarkers: novel roles for sleep spindles and tau. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"2","key":"1730_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad294","volume":"47","author":"R Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei R, et al. Linking brain structure, cognition, and sleep: insights from clinical data. Sleep. 2023;47(2):294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsad294.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1730_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6240","volume":"39","author":"AW Varga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Varga AW, et al. Reduced slow-wave sleep is associated with high cerebrospinal fluid A\u03b242 levels in cognitively normal elderly. Sleep. 2016;39:2041\u20138.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1730_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.148","volume":"42","author":"MR Irwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Irwin MR, Opp MR. Sleep health: reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:129\u201355.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1730_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270832","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/270832","volume":"2010","author":"S Sharma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma S, Kavuru M. Sleep and metabolism: an overview. Int J Endocrinol. 2010;2010:270832.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1730_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.01.005","volume":"76","author":"NA Harrison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harrison NA, Doeller CF, Voon V, Burgess N, Critchley HD. Peripheral inflammation acutely impairs human spatial memory via actions on medial temporal lobe glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:585\u201393.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1730_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28330","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028330","volume":"6","author":"J-S Grigoleit","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grigoleit J-S, et al. Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e28330.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1730_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e3182527690","volume":"44","author":"AC Sartori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sartori AC, Vance DE, Slater LZ, Crowe M. The impact of inflammation on cognitive function in older adults: implications for healthcare practice and research. J Neurosci Nurs. 2012;44:206\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"1730_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903455","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.903455","volume":"14","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun Y, Koyama Y, Shimada S. Inflammation from peripheral organs to the brain: how does systemic inflammation cause neuroinflammation? Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:903455.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1730_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.10.004","volume":"79","author":"M Lyman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyman M, Lloyd DG, Ji X, Vizcaychipi MP, Ma D. Neuroinflammation: the role and consequences. Neurosci Res. 2014;79:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1730_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.07.011","volume":"91","author":"MT Barone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barone MT, Menna-Barreto L. Diabetes and sleep: a complex cause-and-effect relationship. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;91:129\u201337.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1730_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Younas H, Gu C, Rathore A, Jun JC, Polotsky VY Metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea: a bidirectional relationship. In Mechanisms and Manifestations of Obesity in Lung Disease 2019;169\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-813553-2.00008-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813553-2.00008-7"},{"key":"1730_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0190-z","volume":"19","author":"MR Irwin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irwin MR. Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness and in health. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19:702\u201315.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1730_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-015-0018-3","volume":"7","author":"A Brian\u00e7on-Marjollet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brian\u00e7on-Marjollet A, et al. The impact of sleep disorders on glucose metabolism: endocrine and molecular mechanisms. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2015;7:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1730_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i6.868","volume":"6","author":"S Surani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Surani S, Brito V, Surani A, Ghamande S. Effect of diabetes mellitus on sleep quality. World J Diabetes. 2015;6:868.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"1730_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2005.05.005","volume":"26","author":"JB Blank","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blank JB, et al. Overview of recruitment for the osteoporotic fractures in men study (MrOS). Contemp Clin Trials. 2005;26:557\u201368.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"1730_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2005.05.006","volume":"26","author":"E Orwoll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Orwoll E, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study\u2014a large observational study of the determinants of fracture in older men. Contemp Clin Trials. 2005;26:569\u201385.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"1730_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.14075","volume":"326","author":"H Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee H, et al. A Guideline for Reporting Mediation Analyses of Randomized Trials and Observational Studies: The AGReMA Statement. JAMA. 2021;326:1045.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1730_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01290.x","volume":"55","author":"R Mehra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mehra R, et al. Prevalence and correlates of sleep-disordered breathing in older men: osteoporotic fractures in men sleep study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1356\u201364.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1730_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12433","volume":"70","author":"DJ Thomson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Thomson DJ. Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis. Proc IEEE. 1982;70:1055\u201396.","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"1730_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00062.2015","volume":"32","author":"MJ Prerau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prerau MJ, Brown RE, Bianchi MT, Ellenbogen JM, Purdon PL. Sleep neurophysiological dynamics through the lens of multitaper spectral analysis. Physiology. 2017;32:60\u201392.","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"1730_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15930","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15930","volume":"8","author":"SM Purcell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Purcell SM, et al. Characterizing sleep spindles in 11,630 individuals from the National Sleep Research Resource. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15930.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1730_CR32","first-page":"314","volume":"48","author":"EL Teng","year":"1987","unstructured":"Teng EL, Chui HC. The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48:314\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1730_CR33","first-page":"211","volume":"1","author":"ME Tipping","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tipping ME. Sparse Bayesian learning and the relevance vector machine. J Mach Learn Res. 2001;1:211\u201344.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"1730_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761","volume":"15","author":"K Imai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Imai K, Keele L, Tingley D. A general approach to causal mediation analysis. Psychol Methods. 2010;15:309\u201334.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1730_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-724","volume":"11","author":"RC Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson RC, et al. Accounting for multiple comparisons in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). BMC Genomics. 2010;11:724.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"1730_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585887","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.585887","volume":"12","author":"M Obradovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obradovic M, et al. Leptin and obesity: role and clinical implication. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:585887.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1730_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031706","volume":"23","author":"Z Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei Z, Chen Y, Upender RP. Sleep disturbance and metabolic dysfunction: the roles of adipokines. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1706.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1730_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.024","volume":"30","author":"KF Holden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holden KF, et al. Serum leptin level and cognition in the elderly: findings from the Health ABC Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30:1483\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"1730_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeki Al Hazzouri A, Stone KL, Haan MN, Yaffe K, Leptin, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia among elderly women. J Gerontol Ser Biomed Sci Med Sci 2013;68:175\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls155"},{"key":"1730_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200225","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200225","volume":"14","author":"H Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun H, et al. Assessing risk of health outcomes from brain activity in sleep: a retrospective cohort study. Neurol Clin Pract. 2024;14:e200225.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"1730_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101100","volume":"4","author":"R Vallat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vallat R, Shah VD, Walker MP. Coordinated human sleeping brainwaves map peripheral body glucose homeostasis. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4:101100.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"1730_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.01.006","volume":"124","author":"H Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun H, et al. The sleep and wake electroencephalogram over the lifespan. Neurobiol Aging. 2023;124:60\u201370.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"1730_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12666","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12666","volume":"28","author":"I Djonlagic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Djonlagic I, et al. Associations between quantitative sleep EEG and subsequent cognitive decline in older women. J Sleep Res. 2019;28:e12666.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"1730_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.05.070","volume":"118","author":"K van der Hiele","year":"2007","unstructured":"van der Hiele K, et al. EEG correlates in the spectrum of cognitive decline. Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118:1931\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1730_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000117446","volume":"37","author":"F Hassainia","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hassainia F, Petit D, Nielsen T, Gauthier S, Montplaisir J. Quantitative EEG and statistical mapping of wakefulness and REM sleep in the evaluation of mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Eur Neurol. 1997;37:219\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"1730_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04423-y","volume":"22","author":"J-M Petit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petit J-M, et al. Sleep spindles in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders or bipolar disorders: a pilot study in a general population-based cohort. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:758.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1730_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsae051","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae051","volume":"47","author":"AKF Lam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lam AKF, et al. Electroencephalographic slowing during REM sleep in older adults with subjective cognitive impairment and mild cognitive impairment. Sleep. 2024;47:zsae051.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1730_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666150716165726","volume":"14","author":"TH Ferreira-Vieira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira-Vieira TH, Guimaraes IM, Silva FR, Ribeiro FM. Alzheimer\u2019s disease: targeting the cholinergic system. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14:101\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"1730_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.024","volume":"73","author":"CS Nicolas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nicolas CS, et al. The Jak\/STAT pathway is involved in synaptic plasticity. Neuron. 2012;73:374\u201390.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1730_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.09.004","volume":"62","author":"G Tononi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis. Brain Res Bull. 2003;62:143\u201350.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1730_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069439","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1069439","volume":"15","author":"S Leonardo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leonardo S, Fregni F. Association of inflammation and cognition in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1069439.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"1730_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120319","volume":"279","author":"PP Ujma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ujma PP, et al. Multivariate prediction of cognitive performance from the sleep electroencephalogram. Neuroimage. 2023;279:120319.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1730_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37128-7","volume":"13","author":"N Adra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adra N, et al. Decoding information about cognitive health from the brainwaves of sleep. Sci Rep. 2023;13:11448.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1730_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu033","volume":"29","author":"JW Denboer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Denboer JW, Nicholls C, Corte C, Chestnut K. National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2014;29:692\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1730_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883927","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.883927","volume":"13","author":"M Gar\u00e9s-Caballer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gar\u00e9s-Caballer M, et al. Immune-inflammatory biomarkers predict cognition and social functioning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Front Neurol. 2022;13:883927.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1730_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110817","volume":"127","author":"JV S\u00e1nchez-Ort\u00ed","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Ort\u00ed JV, et al. Inflammation and lipid metabolism as potential biomarkers of memory impairment across type 2 diabetes mellitus and severe mental disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2023;127:110817.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1730_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chi GC et al Inflammatory biomarkers predict domain-specific cognitive decline in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016;glw155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glw155.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw155"},{"key":"1730_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0467-3","volume":"22","author":"JG Klinzing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klinzing JG, Niethard N, Born J. Mechanisms of systems memory consolidation during sleep. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:1598\u2013610.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1730_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1290","volume":"34","author":"M M\u00f6lle","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00f6lle M, Bergmann TO, Marshall L, Born J. Fast and slow spindles during the sleep slow oscillation: disparate coalescence and engagement in memory processing. Sleep. 2011;34:1411\u201321.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1730_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baena D, Toor B, van den Berg NH, Ray LB, Fogel SM Spindle-slow wave coupling and problem-solving skills: impact of age. Sleep 2024;zsae072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsae072","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae072"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01730-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01730-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01730-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:03:15Z","timestamp":1773050595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01730-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01730-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"They were approved and obtained by the MrOS committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethnical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent for publication. The MrOS committee approved the publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Westover is the co-founder of Beacon Biosignals, which is not involved in any part of this article. Dr. Thomas discloses general sleep medicine consulting: GLG Councils, Guidepoint Global. Dr. Stone reports grant funding from Eli Lilly (unrelated to this work). Dr. Redline is an unpaid member of the ApniMed Scientific Advisory Board and an unpaid Board member of the National Sleep Foundation and Alliance of Sleep Apnea Partners.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}