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Using data from the Brain and Cognitive Health (BACH) cohort study (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009127; mean age\u2009=\u200967\u00a0years, 68% women), we performed an exploratory factor analysis to identify latent constructs of brain health. We included multimodal neurovascular imaging markers, brain atrophy metrics, plasma Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) biomarkers, and cardiovascular risk factors. Five constructs emerged: \u201cBrain &amp; Vascular Health\u201d (greater hippocampal volume, basal ganglia enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS), cerebral blood flow, and HDL cholesterol; lower ventricle volume and BMI), \u201cStructural Integrity\u201d (greater cortical thickness, fractional anisotropy, and basal ganglia ePVS), \u201cWhite Matter (WM) Fluid Dysregulation\u201d (greater WM ePVS and Free Water), \u201cAD Biomarkers\u201d (higher phosphorylated tau [pTau]181 and pTau217; lower amyloid-beta 42\/40 ratio), and \u201cNeuronal Injury\u201d (higher glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light chain). All constructs were associated with age (\u03b2\u2009= -\u20090.70\u20130.39,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.014), except for WM Fluid Dysregulation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Brain and Vascular Health and Structural Integrity (partial\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.305,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and AD biomarkers and neuronal injury (partial\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.248,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.005) were positively correlated. Only Brain and Vascular Health was associated with global cognition (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.27, SE\u2009=\u20090.13,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.043). These findings provide a data-driven framework for examining distinct constructs underlying vascular health, fluid regulation, and neurodegenerative pathology. We demonstrate the utility of using multiple biomarkers to probe these biological systems, paving the way for future research to explore how these systems change across diverse neurodegenerative conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01771-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T04:08:02Z","timestamp":1751947682000},"page":"1885-1903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Factor analysis of multimodal MRI, biofluid, and vascular biomarkers reveals latent constructs of brain health"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Ella","family":"Rowsthorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming Ann","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Franks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor T.-J.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Yiallourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Cavuoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Vivash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingfeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny J. 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