{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:36:05Z","timestamp":1789443365350,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01957-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T02:46:42Z","timestamp":1762224402000},"page":"6207-6222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical outcomes of antihypertensive medication use in people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firehiwot","family":"Amare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2345-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Mirkazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6764-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory M","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woldesellassie M","family":"Bezabhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1957_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2):e105-e25.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-2667(21)00249-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(21)00249-8"},{"issue":"7","key":"1957_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05895-y","volume":"36","author":"M Olfson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olfson M, Stroup TS, Huang C, Wall MM, Gerhard T. Age and incidence of dementia diagnosis. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(7):2167\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-020-05895-y.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1957_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e443","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00120-8","volume":"9","author":"N Mukadam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mukadam N, Wolters FJ, Walsh S, Wallace L, Brayne C, Matthews FE, et al. Changes in prevalence and incidence of dementia and risk factors for dementia: an analysis from cohort studies. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(7):e443\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00120-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"1957_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-19","volume":"14","author":"TJ Welsh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Welsh TJ, Gladman JR, Gordon AL. The treatment of hypertension in people with dementia: a systematic review of observational studies. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:19.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2022.07.011","volume":"45","author":"CS Dintica","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dintica CS, Yaffe K. Epidemiology and risk factors for dementia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2022;45(4):677\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2022.07.011.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"1957_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf010","author":"RF Gottesman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gottesman RF, Egle M, Groechel RC, Mughal A. Blood pressure and the brain: the conundrum of hypertension and dementia. Cardiovasc Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf010.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"10285","key":"1957_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00590-0","volume":"397","author":"K Rahimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahimi K, Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Copland E, Canoy D, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1625\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00590-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"1957_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.1421","volume":"2","author":"JD Bundy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bundy JD, Li C, Stuchlik P, Bu X, Kelly TN, Mills KT, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(7):775\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.1421.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1957_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801369","volume":"358","author":"NS Beckett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1887\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0801369.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1957_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw155","volume":"45","author":"JK Harrison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harrison JK, Van Der Wardt V, Conroy SP, Stott DJ, Dening T, Gordon AL, et al. New horizons: the management of hypertension in people with dementia. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):740\u20136.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"48","key":"1957_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac584","volume":"43","author":"R Peters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peters R, Xu Y, Fitzgerald O, Aung HL, Beckett N, Bulpitt C, et al. Blood pressure lowering and prevention of dementia: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(48):4980\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac584.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1957_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33353","volume":"6","author":"MJ Lennon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lennon MJ, Lam BCP, Lipnicki DM, Crawford JD, Peters R, Schutte AE, et al. Use of antihypertensives, blood pressure, and estimated risk of dementia in late life: an individual participant data meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(9):e2333353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33353.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.77","volume":"9","author":"M Adesuyan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adesuyan M, Jani YH, Alsugeir D, Cheung ECL, Chui CSL, Howard R, et al. Antihypertensive agents and incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022;9(4):715\u201324.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1957_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"den Brok MGHE, van Dalen JW, Abdulrahman H, Larson EB, van Middelaar T, van Gool WA, et al. Antihypertensive medication classes and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.\u00a0J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(7):1386\u201395.e15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.12.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.12.019"},{"issue":"1","key":"1957_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.45319","volume":"5","author":"ZA Marcum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marcum ZA, Cohen JB, Zhang C, Derington CG, Greene TH, Ghazi L, et al. Association of antihypertensives that stimulate vs inhibit types 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors with cognitive impairment. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2145319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.45319.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1957_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105515","volume":"166","author":"L Scotti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scotti L, Bassi L, Soranna D, Verde F, Silani V, Torsello A, et al. Association between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2021;166:105515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105515.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"1957_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01600-1","author":"EA Belachew","year":"2025","unstructured":"Belachew EA, Peterson GM, Bezabhe WM. Comparative effects of angiotensin II stimulating and inhibiting antihypertensives on dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Geroscience. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01600-1.","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"1957_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.a2022.0297","volume":"81","author":"G Rivasi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rivasi G, Ceolin L, Capacci M, Matteucci G, Testa GD, Ungar A. Risks associated with intensive blood pressure control in older patients. Kardiol Pol. 2023;81(5):446\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33963\/KP.a2022.0297.","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"key":"1957_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pont L, Alhawassi T. Challenges in the management of hypertension in older populations. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:167\u201380.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/5584_2016_149.","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_149"},{"key":"1957_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lv YB, Zhu PF, Yin ZX, Kraus VB, Threapleton D, Chei CL, et al. A U-shaped association between blood pressure and cognitive impairment in chinese elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(2):193.e7-.e13.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.11.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.11.011"},{"issue":"9","key":"1957_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291775","volume":"18","author":"X Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu X, Luo Z, Tian G, Hu Z, Li S, Wang QM, et al. Hypotension and cognitive impairment among the elderly: evidence from the CLHLS. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(9):e0291775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0291775.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1957_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.10.007","volume":"48","author":"A Mol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mol A, Reijnierse EM, Bui Hoang PTS, van Wezel RJA, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Orthostatic hypotension and physical functioning in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;48:122\u201344.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1957_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.3575","volume":"183","author":"TS Anderson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anderson TS, Ayanian JZ, Curto VE, Politzer E, Souza J, Zaslavsky AM, et al. Changes in the use of long-term medications following incident dementia diagnosis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(10):1098\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.3575.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1957_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1019094","volume":"9","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Hou L, Zhao H, Xie R, Yi Y, Ding X. Risk factors for falls among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:1019094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1019094.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01506-5","volume":"48","author":"A Reimers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reimers A, Odin P, Ljung H. Drug-induced cognitive impairment. Drug Saf. 2025;48(4):339\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40264-024-01506-5.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"1957_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-022-01215-3","volume":"24","author":"JP Sheppard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheppard JP, Benetos A, McManus RJ. Antihypertensive deprescribing in older adults: a practical guide. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2022;24(11):571\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-022-01215-3.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"1957_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x231179421","volume":"43","author":"RA Heutz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heutz RA, Weijs RW, de Heus RA, Claassen JA. Antihypertensives in dementia: good or bad for the brain? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2023;43(10):1796\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678x231179421.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1957_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2022.01042","volume":"16","author":"C Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang C, Song P, Niu Y. The management of dementia worldwide: a review on policy practices, clinical guidelines, end-of-life care, and challenge along with aging population. Biosci Trends. 2022;16(2):119\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/bst.2022.01042.","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"issue":"9","key":"1957_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.03.005","volume":"15","author":"V van der Wardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Wardt V, Logan P, Conroy S, Harwood R, Gladman J. Antihypertensive treatment in people with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(9):620\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.03.005.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1957_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2013.107","volume":"28","author":"LC Beishon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beishon LC, Harrison JK, Harwood RH, Robinson TG, Gladman JRF, Conroy SP. The evidence for treating hypertension in older people with dementia: a systematic review. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(5):283\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"1957_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2024.156","volume":"11","author":"Z Sternberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sternberg Z, Podolsky R, Yu J, Hua S, Halvorsen S, Hojnacki D, et al. Anti-hypertensives reduce the rate of Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression: a cohort study linked with genetic and neuropathological analyses. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2024;11(6):1634\u201346.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1957_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00263-5","volume":"20","author":"PG Kehoe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kehoe PG, Turner N, Howden B, Jarutyte L, Clegg SL, Malone IB, et al. Safety and efficacy of losartan for the reduction of brain atrophy in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease (the RADAR trial): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(11):895\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00263-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1957_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0507","volume":"184","author":"CV Dave","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dave CV, Li Y, Steinman MA, Lee SJ, Liu X, Jing B, et al. Antihypertensive medication and fracture risk in older veterans health administration nursing home residents. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(6):661\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1957_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.19342","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Graham LA, Jing B, Dave CV, Li Y, Kurella Tamura M, et al. Antihypertensive deprescribing and functional status in VA long-term care residents with and without dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.19342.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1957_CR35","unstructured":"Amare F, Mirkazemi C, Bezabhe WM, Peterson GM. Clinical outcomes of antihypertensive drug use in people with dementia: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis: PROSPERO; 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024619054."},{"key":"1957_CR36","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024): Cochrane; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"1957_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"1","key":"1957_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0644-y","volume":"6","author":"WM Bramer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bramer WM, Rethlefsen ML, Kleijnen J, Franco OH. Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: a prospective exploratory study. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-017-0644-y.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1957_CR39","unstructured":"Innovation VH. Covidence systematic review software Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation; 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/www.covidence.org."},{"issue":"3","key":"1957_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","volume":"21","author":"TH Barker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barker TH, Stone JC, Sears K, Klugar M, Tufanaru C, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials. JBI Evid Synth. 2023;21(3):494\u2013506.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"1957_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00103","author":"TH Barker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barker TH, Hasanoff S, Aromataris E, Stone JC, Leonardi-Bee J, Sears K, et al. The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for cohort studies. JBI Evid Synth. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-24-00103.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"1957_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moola S, Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, Sears K, Sfetcu R, et al. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. Adelaide: JBI; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-17-06"},{"issue":"5","key":"1957_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20f13681","volume":"81","author":"C Andrade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrade C. Mean difference, standardized mean difference (SMD), and their use in meta-analysis: as simple as it gets. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(5):11349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.20f13681.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1957_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.1186.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1957_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0024-z","volume":"15","author":"PT von Hippel","year":"2015","unstructured":"von Hippel PT. The heterogeneity statistic I2 can be biased in small meta-analyses. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-015-0024-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1957_CR46","first-page":"44","volume":"1","author":"A Gandhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gandhi A, Shamim M, Padhi B. Steps in undertaking meta-analysis and addressing heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Evid. 2023;1(1):44\u201359.","journal-title":"Evid"},{"issue":"7304","key":"1957_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101","volume":"323","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Egger M, Smith GD. Systematic reviews in health care: investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis. BMJ. 2001;323(7304):101\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1957_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881104042625","volume":"18","author":"N Herrmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herrmann N, Lanct\u00f4t KL, Eryavec G, Khan LR. Noradrenergic activity is associated with response to pindolol in aggressive Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. J Psychopharmacol. 2004;18(2):215\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881104042625.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1957_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16081","volume":"67","author":"KS Boockvar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boockvar KS, Song W, Lee S, Intrator O. Hypertension treatment in US long-term nursing home residents with and without dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(10):2058\u201364.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1957_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00149","volume":"11","author":"L Abdullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdullah L, Crawford F, Tsolaki M, B\u00f6rjesson-Hanson A, Olde Rikkert M, Pasquier F, et al. The influence of baseline Alzheimer\u2019s disease severity on cognitive decline and CSF biomarkers in the NILVAD trial. Front Neurol. 2020;11:149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00149.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR51","first-page":"208","volume":"18","author":"KM Bellew","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bellew KM, Pigeon JG, Stang PE, Fleischman W, Gardner RM, Baker WW. Hypertension and the rate of cognitive decline in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18(4):208\u201313.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"1957_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.119","volume":"22","author":"E Duron","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duron E, Rigaud A-S, Dubail D, Mehrabian S, Latour F, Seux M-L, et al. Effects of antihypertensive therapy on cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(9):1020\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.116.004184","volume":"3","author":"K Fazal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fazal K, Perera G, Khondoker M, Howard R, Stewart R. Associations of centrally acting ACE inhibitors with cognitive decline and survival in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BJPsych Open. 2017;3(4):158\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjpo.bp.116.004184.","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"1957_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.06.007","volume":"9","author":"Y Furiya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furiya Y, Ryo M, Kawahara M, Kiriyama T, Morikawa M, Ueno S. Renin-angiotensin system blockers affect cognitive decline and serum adipocytokines in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(5):512\u20138.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"1957_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317507309803","volume":"23","author":"IM Hajjar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hajjar IM, Keown M, Lewis P, Almor A. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and cognitive and functional decline in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an observational study. American Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease & Other Dementias\u00ae. 2008;23(1):77\u201383.","journal-title":"American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias\u00ae"},{"key":"1957_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Heus RAA, Donders R, Santoso AMM, Olde Rikkert MGM, Lawlor BA, Claassen J. Blood pressure lowering with nilvadipine in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease does not increase the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension.\u00a0J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(10):e011938.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.119.011938.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.011938"},{"key":"1957_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.09.001","volume":"4","author":"Z Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu Z, Wang L, Ma S, Kirisci L, Feng Z, Xue Y, et al. Synergism of antihypertensives and cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 2018;4:542\u201355.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions"},{"issue":"2","key":"1957_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00746.x","volume":"12","author":"K Kume","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kume K, Hanyu H, Sakurai H, Takada Y, Onuma T, Iwamoto T. Effects of telmisartan on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12(2):207\u201314.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"1957_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lawlor B, Segurado R, Kennelly S, Olde Rikkert MGM, Howard R, Pasquier F, et al. Nilvadipine in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Medicine. 2018;15(9):1\u201320.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002660.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002660"},{"issue":"3","key":"1957_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131694","volume":"40","author":"R O'Caoimh","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Caoimh R, Healy L, Gao Y, Svendrovski A, Kerins DM, Eustace J, et al. Effects of centrally acting angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on functional decline in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;40(3):595\u2013603.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1957_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140705.23869.E9","volume":"63","author":"T Ohrui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohrui T, Tomita N, Sato-Nakagawa T, Matsui T, Maruyama M, Niwa K, et al. Effects of brain-penetrating ACE inhibitors on Alzheimer disease progression. Neurology. 2004;63(7):1324\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1957_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouk M, Wu C-Y, Rabin JS, Jackson A, Edwards JD, Ramirez J, et al. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors vs. angiotensin receptor blockers and cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the importance of blood-brain barrier penetration and APOE \u03b54 carrier status. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy. 2021;13:1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00778-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"1957_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1312","volume":"20","author":"L Rozzini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rozzini L, Chilovi BV, Bellelli G, Bertoletti E, Trabucchi M, Padovani A. Effects of cholinesterase inhibitors appear greater in patients on established antihypertensive therapy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(6):547 EP\u201351.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.1312.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1957_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3980","volume":"29","author":"M Steinberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steinberg M, Hess K, Corcoran C, Mielke MM, Norton M, Breitner J, et al. Vascular risk factors and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the Cache County Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(2):153\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1957_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soto ME, Abellan Van Kan G, Nourhashemi F, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Cesari M, Cantet C, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Alzheimer's disease progression in older adults: results from the Reseau sur la Maladie d'Alzheimer Francais cohort. J Am Geriatrics Society. 2013;61(9):1482 EP\u20138.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.12415.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12415"},{"issue":"9","key":"1957_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181ab8c61","volume":"17","author":"LY Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang LY, Shofer JB, Rohde K, Hart KL, Hoff DJ, McFall YH, et al. Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(9):744\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1957_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000155067.16313.5e","volume":"19","author":"ER Peskind","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Bonner LT, Pascualy M, Riekse RG, Snowden MB, et al. Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(1):23\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.wad.0000155067.16313.5e.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"1957_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.8.1146","volume":"59","author":"S Freels","year":"2002","unstructured":"Freels S, Nyenhuis DL, Gorelick PB. Predictors of survival in African American patients with AD, VaD, or stroke without dementia. Neurology. 2002;59(8):1146\u201353.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1957_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5465","volume":"340","author":"NC Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li NC, Lee A, Whitmer RA, Kivipelto M, Lawler E, Kazis LE, et al. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. BMJ. 2010;340:b5465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b5465.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1957_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao Y, Caoimh R, Healy L, Kerins DM, Eustace J, Guyatt G, et al. Effects of centrally acting ACE inhibitors on the rate of cognitive decline in dementia. BMJ Open. 2013;3(7):e002881.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002881.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002881"},{"key":"1957_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae133","author":"JMK Bogaerts","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bogaerts JMK, Gussekloo J, de Jong-Schmit BEM, Le Cessie S, Mooijaart SP, van der Mast RC, et al. Effects of the discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment on neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in nursing home residents with dementia (DANTON): a multicentre, open-label, blinded-outcome, randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afae133.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"8","key":"1957_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.8.991","volume":"56","author":"Z Guo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Zhu L, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Viitanen M. Occurrence and progression of dementia in a community population aged 75 years and older: relationship of antihypertensive medication use. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(8):991\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1957_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.4851","author":"B Jing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jing B, Liu X, Graham LA, Dave CV, Li Y, Fung K, et al. Deprescribing of antihypertensive medications and cognitive function in nursing home residents. JAMA Intern Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.4851.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13170","volume":"289","author":"I Kalar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalar I, Xu H, Secnik J, Schwertner E, Kramberger MG, Winblad B, et al. Calcium channel blockers, survival and ischaemic stroke in patients with dementia: a Swedish registry study. J Intern Med. 2021;289(4):508\u201322.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-121090","volume":"33","author":"PG Kehoe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kehoe PG, Davies NM, Martin RM, Ben-Shlomo Y. Associations of angiotensin targeting antihypertensive drugs with mortality and hospitalization in primary care patients with dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33(4):999\u20131008.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"1957_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01336-x","volume":"32","author":"M Kerry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerry M, Bell JS, Keen C, Sluggett JK, Ilomaki J, Jokanovic N, et al. Multiple antihypertensive use and risk of mortality in residents of aged care services: a prospective cohort study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(8):1541\u20139.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1957_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12353","volume":"19","author":"SE Kocyigit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kocyigit SE, Soysal P, Ates Bulut E, Dokuzlar O, Isik AT. Thiazide therapy is not related to any changes in cognitive function in older hypertensive patients with or without dementia: a 26-week follow-up study. Psychogeriatrics. 2019;19(1):16\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.8164","volume":"175","author":"E Mossello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mossello E, Pieraccioli M, Nesti N, Bulgaresi M, Lorenzi C, Caleri V, et al. Effects of low blood pressure in cognitively impaired elderly patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):578\u201385.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1957_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zelada Rodriguez MA, Cerda Mas G, Garcia Ortiz de Uriarte L, Marti Company FX, Ronquillo Moreno N, Rodriguez Gonzalez D. Arterial hypertension treatment in octogenarians with dementia according to ESC\/ESH-2018: three-year follow-up. Tratamiento de la hipertension arterial en octogenarios con demencia segun ESC\/ESH-2018: seguimiento a 3 anos. 2020;154(8):301\u20134.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2019.06.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2019.06.018"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52178_7.x","volume":"52","author":"T Ohrui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohrui T, Matsui T, Yamaya M, Arai H, Ebihara S, Maruyama M, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Japan. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(4):649\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48350","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.23f15028","volume":"84","author":"C Andrade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrade C. How to use percentiles to better understand standardized mean difference (SMD) as a measure of effect size. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023;84(4):48350.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1957_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igz036","volume":"3","author":"CR Brydges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brydges CR. Effect size guidelines, sample size calculations, and statistical power in gerontology. Innov Aging. 2019;3(4):igz036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igz036.","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"issue":"18","key":"1957_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf010","volume":"120","author":"RF Gottesman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gottesman RF, Egle M, Groechel RC, Mughal A. Blood pressure and the brain: the conundrum of hypertension and dementia. Cardiovasc Res. 2025;120(18):2360\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf010.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"1957_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30332-7_17","volume-title":"Hypotensive syndromes in geriatric patients","author":"K Alagiakrishnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alagiakrishnan K, Masaki K. Hypotensive Syndromes and Cognitive Impairment\/Dementia. In: Alagiakrishnan K, Banach M, editors. Hypotensive syndromes in geriatric patients. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 179\u201392."},{"issue":"19","key":"1957_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4249","volume":"323","author":"D Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes D, Judge C, Murphy R, Loughlin E, Costello M, Whiteley W, et al. Association of blood pressure lowering with incident dementia or cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1934\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.4249.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"1957_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5420","volume":"36","author":"G Perera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perera G, Mueller C, Stewart R. Factors associated with slow progression of cognitive impairment following first dementia diagnosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;36(2):271\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1957_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Luik EM, Vaes EWP, Vesseur MAM, Wilmes N, Meijs DAM, Laven S, et al. Sex differences in the anti-hypertensive effect of calcium-channel blockers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomedicines. 2023;11(6).\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11061622.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061622"},{"key":"1957_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149400","volume":"1850","author":"S Yasmin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yasmin S, Ashique S, Taj T, Garg A, Das J, Shorog E, et al. The role of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in preserving cognitive function via hypertension management: a critical update. Brain Res. 2025;1850:149400.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1957_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.12701\/jyms.2022.00605","volume":"40","author":"EJ Cheon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheon EJ. Hypertension and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review. J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(3):225\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12701\/jyms.2022.00605.","journal-title":"J Yeungnam Med Sci"},{"key":"1957_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mol A, Bui Hoang PTS, Sharmin S, Reijnierse EM, van Wezel RJA, Meskers CGM, et al. Orthostatic hypotension and falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(5):589\u201397.e5.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.11.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.11.003"},{"key":"1957_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2022.100166","volume":"17","author":"R Kraut","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kraut R, Lundby C, Babenko O, Kamal A, Sadowski CA. Antihypertensive medication in frail older adults: a narrative review through a deprescribing lens. American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice. 2022;17:100166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahjo.2022.100166.","journal-title":"American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01957-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01957-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01957-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:01:28Z","timestamp":1789401688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01957-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01957-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}