{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:02:49Z","timestamp":1789401769870,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H83C22000370001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H83C22000370001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The endurance capacity of the spinal extensor muscles plays a key role in maintaining spinal function. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesise current evidence on how ageing influences fatigue of the spinal extensor muscles, addressing the inconsistent findings reported across existing studies.\u00a0Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL Plus databases were searched from their inception to 28 June 2025. Cross-sectional studies assessing fatigue of the spinal extensor muscles of healthy older adults (&gt;60 years) versus younger adults were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies and the GRADE approach was applied to assess the certainty of evidence. Results were synthesised using both narrative and quantitative approaches. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for endurance time. The PRISMA guidelines were followed for reporting.\u00a0Of the 1253 records screened, 13 studies were included, with 9 contributing to the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis, supported by moderate certainty of evidence, revealed a significant reduction in endurance time of the back extensor muscles during sustained isometric contractions in older adults compared to younger controls (MD\u2009=\u2009\u221241.31; 95% CI: \u221264.04; \u221218.57). The remaining outcomes were synthesised narratively: electromyograph (EMG) related measures showed mixed findings, likely due to methodological variability across studies, while force decline and Borg ratings were reported in only a few studies.\u00a0This systematic review revealed that the endurance time of the back extensor muscles is reduced during isometric tasks in older adults. However, inconsistent EMG findings limit our understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying this decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01987-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T20:48:36Z","timestamp":1762634916000},"page":"5785-5809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of ageing on fatigue and endurance of the spinal extensor muscles: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Parrella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Arvanitidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Macaluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Falla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1987_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Das S. \u2018A comparative study to know the effectiveness of prone back extension exercises and swiss ball exercises on back extensor muscles performance\u2019. International Journal of Physiotherapy. 2016;3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15621\/ijphy\/2016\/v3i4\/111052","DOI":"10.15621\/ijphy\/2016\/v3i4\/111052"},{"key":"1987_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.06.010","volume":"72","author":"L Ghamkhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghamkhar L, Kahlaee AH. The effect of trunk muscle fatigue on postural control of upright stance: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 2019;72:167\u201374.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"1987_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725","author":"SC Gandevia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gandevia SC. Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1987_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1026-5","volume":"106","author":"D Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin D, Nussbaum MA, Seol H, et al. Acute effects of localized muscle fatigue on postural control and patterns of recovery during upright stance: influence of fatigue location and age. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:425\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-009-1026-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1825-3","volume":"20","author":"E Johanson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johanson E, Brumagne S, Janssens L, et al. The effect of acute back muscle fatigue on postural control strategy in people with and without recurrent low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:2152\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-011-1825-3.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"1987_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802030722","volume":"51","author":"KP Granata","year":"2008","unstructured":"Granata KP, Gottipati P. Fatigue influences the dynamic stability of the torso. Ergonomics. 2008;51(8):1258\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140130802030722.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"1987_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970310013517","volume":"35","author":"P Enthoven","year":"2003","unstructured":"Enthoven P, Skargren E, Kjellman G, et al. Course of back pain in primary care: a prospective study of physical measures. J Rehabil Med. 2003;35:168\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16501970310013517.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1987_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hkpj.2012.06.002","volume":"30","author":"RS Reddy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reddy RS, Maiya AG, Rao SK. Effect of dorsal neck muscle fatigue on cervicocephalic kinaesthetic sensibility. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2012;30:105\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hkpj.2012.06.002.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Physiother J"},{"key":"1987_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.12.040","volume":"26","author":"RS Reddy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reddy RS, Meziat-Filho N, Ferreira AS, et al. Comparison of neck extensor muscle endurance and cervical proprioception between asymptomatic individuals and patients with chronic neck pain: neck muscle endurance and proprioception. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021;26:180\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.12.040.","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"1987_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110856","author":"A Dallaway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dallaway A, Kite C, Griffen C, et al. Age-related degeneration of the lumbar paravertebral muscles: systematic review and three-level meta-regression. Exp Gerontol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110856.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1987_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1774-x","volume":"20","author":"E Okada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okada E, Matsumoto M, Ichihara D, et al. Cross-sectional area of posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:1567\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-011-1774-x.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"1987_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv157","volume":"71","author":"MK Beauchamp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beauchamp MK, Jette AM, Ni P, et al. Leg and trunk impairments predict participation in life roles in older adults: results from Boston RISE. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71:663\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glv157.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"1987_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.044","volume":"92","author":"P Suri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suri P, Kiely DK, Leveille SG, et al. Increased trunk extension endurance is associated with meaningful improvement in balance among older adults with mobility problems. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1038\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.044.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1987_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Hoy D, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain in the general population, 1990\u20132017: Systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The BMJ. 2020;368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m791","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m791"},{"key":"1987_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2023.12063","volume":"53","author":"F Teichert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teichert F, Karner V, D\u00f6ding R, et al. Effectiveness of exercise interventions for preventing neck pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2023;53:594\u2013609.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"1987_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng C, su hao-T, Yen L-W, et al. Long-term effects of therapeutic exercise on nonspecific chronic neck pain: a literature review. 2015.","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1271"},{"key":"1987_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221103507","volume":"14","author":"G Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han G, Wang W, Yue L, et al. Age-dependent differences of paraspinal muscle endurance and morphology in Chinese community population without chronic low back pain. Global Spine J. 2024;14:235\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21925682221103507.","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"1987_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2011-0282","volume":"24","author":"RA Adedoyin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adedoyin RA, Mbada CE, Farotimi AO, et al. Endurance of low back musculature: normative data for adults. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2011;24:101\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BMR-2011-0282.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"1987_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-130430","volume":"27","author":"RB Parreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parreira RB, De Oliveira MR, Amorim CF, et al. Older adults present better back endurance than young adults during a dynamic trunk extension exercise. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27:153\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BMR-130430.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"issue":"19","key":"1987_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.52165\/kinsi.19.2.5-16","volume":"1318\u20132269","author":"D Ba\u0161i\u010d","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ba\u0161i\u010d D, Strojnik V, Rugelj D. The effect of back muscle fatigue on postural sway. Kinesiologia Slovenica\u202f: scientific journal on sport - ISSN. 2013;1318\u20132269(19):5\u201316.","journal-title":"Kinesiologia Slovenica : scientific journal on sport - ISSN"},{"key":"1987_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2009.08.008","volume":"32","author":"A Champagne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Champagne A, Descarreaux M, Lafond D. Comparison between elderly and young males\u2019 lumbopelvic extensor muscle endurance assessed during a clinical isometric back extension test. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32:521\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2009.08.008.","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"1987_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-106","author":"T Kienbacher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kienbacher T, Habenicht R, Starek C, et al. The potential use of spectral electromyographic fatigue as a screening and outcome monitoring tool of sarcopenic back muscle alterations. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-0003-11-106.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"1987_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.10.003","volume":"25","author":"RA da Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"da Silva RA, Vieira ER, Cabrera M, et al. Back muscle fatigue of younger and older adults with and without chronic low back pain using two protocols: a case-control study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25:928\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.10.003.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"1987_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.060","volume":"13","author":"H Tsuboi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsuboi H, Nishimura Y, Sakata T. Age-related sex differences in erector spinae muscle endurance using surface electromyographic power spectral analysis in healthy humans. Spine J. 2013;13:1928\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.060.","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"1987_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1987_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249220","author":"V Devecchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Devecchi V, Rushton AB, Gallina A, et al. Are neuromuscular adaptations present in people with recurrent spinal pain during a period of remission? A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249220.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1987_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.4716","author":"M Arvanitidis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arvanitidis M, Falla D, Sanderson A, et al. Does pain influence control of muscle force? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pain. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.4716.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"1987_CR28","unstructured":"UNHCR. UNHCR definition of older persons. 2025. 17\/07\/2025 https:\/\/emergency.unhcr.org\/protection\/persons-risk\/older-persons\/ (accessed 17 July 2025)"},{"key":"1987_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2004.08.002","volume":"73","author":"C Demoulin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Demoulin C, Vanderthommen M, Duysens C, et al. Spinal muscle evaluation using the Sorensen test: a critical appraisal of the literature. Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73:43\u201350.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"1987_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445516673998","volume":"41","author":"D Drevon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drevon D, Fursa SR, Malcolm AL. Intercoder reliability and validity of WebPlotDigitizer in extracting graphed data. Behav Modif. 2017;41:323\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145445516673998.","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"1987_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC, et al. Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open. 2016;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016"},{"key":"1987_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8020025","author":"K McArthur","year":"2020","unstructured":"McArthur K, Jorgensen D, Climstein M, et al. Epidemiology of acute injuries in surfing: type, location, mechanism, severity, and incidence: a systematic review. Sports. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports8020025.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"1987_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa123","volume":"50","author":"E Lunt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lunt E, Ong T, Gordon AL, et al. The clinical usefulness of muscle mass and strength measures in older people: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2021;50:88\u201395.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1987_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie JE, Brennan SE, Ryan RE, et al. Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley-Blackwell. 2019:229\u201340.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch9"},{"key":"1987_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG, et al. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of inter ventions. Wiley-Blackwell. 2019:241\u201384.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch10"},{"key":"1987_CR36","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2022."},{"key":"1987_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","volume":"22","author":"S Balduzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balduzzi S, R\u00fccker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22:153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117.","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"1987_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7411","volume":"36","author":"D Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson D, Law M, R\u00fccker G, et al. The Hartung-Knapp modification for random-effects meta-analysis: a useful refinement but are there any residual concerns? Stat Med. 2017;36:3923\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.7411.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1987_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10247","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015","volume":"6","author":"J Inthout","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inthout J, Ioannidis JPA, Rovers MM, et al. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6:10247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1987_CR40","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. 2010."},{"issue":"2","key":"1987_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","volume":"1","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W, Cheung MWL. Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(2):112\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.11.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"1987_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12018","volume":"6","author":"G Goldet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goldet G, Howick J. Understanding GRADE: an introduction. J Evid Based Med. 2013;6:50\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jebm.12018.","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"1987_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Egger M. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00377-8"},{"key":"1987_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0495-9","author":"M Mueller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mueller M, D\u2019Addario M, Egger M, et al. Methods to systematically review and meta-analyse observational studies: a systematic scoping review of recommendations. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0495-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1987_CR45","unstructured":"Piovanelli B, Gobbo M, Donzelli S, et al. Paravertebral muscles metabolism changes with age in agreement with EMG particularly at L4\u20135\u202f: a Near Infrared Spectroscopy evaluation (NIRS). 2019."},{"key":"1987_CR46","first-page":"6","volume":"9","author":"GR Ebenbichler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ebenbichler GR, Kollmitzer J, Mair P, et al. Spectral electromyographic fatigue as a potential screening and outcome monitoring tool of sarcopenic back muscle alterations. PM&R. 2014;9:6.","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"1987_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00036","volume":"32","author":"KS Sagendorf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sagendorf KS, Manini TM, Mayer JM, et al. Relationship of strength and endurance of the low back between younger and older subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:S243.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1987_CR48","first-page":"101","volume":"1","author":"H Tsuboi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsuboi H, Tanina H, Yasuoka Y, et al. Spectral electromyographic fatigue analysis of erector spinae muscle in prepubertal girls compared with young adult and elderly women. Physiotherapy. 2015;1:101.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"1987_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-0645-2","author":"R Habenicht","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habenicht R, Ebenbichler G, Bonato P, et al. Age-specific differences in the time-frequency representation of surface electromyographic data recorded during a submaximal cyclic back extension exercise: a promising biomarker to detect early signs of sarcopenia. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-020-0645-2.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"1987_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0577-6","volume":"102","author":"RT Kell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kell RT, Bhambhani Y. Relationship between erector spinae muscle oxygenation via in vivo near infrared spectroscopy and static endurance time in healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;102:243\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-007-0577-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309658","volume":"19","author":"BE Sibson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sibson BE, Harris AR, Yegian AK, et al. Associations of back muscle endurance with occupational back muscle activity and spinal loading among subsistence farmers and office workers in Rwanda. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0309658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309658.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"24","key":"1987_CR52","first-page":"414","volume":"2012","author":"J-W Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park J-W, Yumin K, Park S. The effect of proprioceptive position sense by fatigue of low back muscles. J Korean Soc Phys Ther. 2012;2012(24):414\u20138.","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Phys Ther"},{"key":"1987_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2024.102973","author":"D Vlazna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vlazna D, Adamova B, Krkoska P, et al. Strength and endurance of the lumbar extensor muscles and their predictors: a cross-sectional study in healthy subjects. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2024.102973.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"1987_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2013-0308","volume":"30","author":"E Kurz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kurz E, Anders C, Walther M, et al. Force capacity of back extensor muscles in healthy males: effects of age and recovery time. J Appl Biomech. 2014;30:713\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2013-0308.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"1987_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0709-y","volume":"88","author":"H Valkeinen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Valkeinen H, Ylinen J, M\u00e4lki\u00e4 E, et al. Maximal force, force\/time and activation\/coactivation characteristics of the neck muscles in extension and flexion in healthy men and women at different ages. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;88:247\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-002-0709-y.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latikka P, Batti MC, DMSci Tv, et al. Correlations of isokinetic and psychophysical back lift and static back extensor endurance tests in men. 1995.","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(94)00003-P"},{"key":"1987_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Die\u00ebn JH, Westebring-van der Putten EP, Kingma I, et al. Low-level activity of the trunk extensor muscles causes electromyographic manifestations of fatigue in absence of decreased oxygenation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2009;19:398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.11.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.11.010"},{"key":"1987_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/14038190701702058","volume":"9","author":"A Peolsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peolsson A, Hamp C, Albinsson AK, et al. Test position and reliability in measurements of dorsal neck muscle endurance. Adv Physiother. 2007;9:181\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14038190701702058.","journal-title":"Adv Physiother"},{"key":"1987_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.09.012","volume":"9","author":"C Lariviere","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lariviere C, Gravel D, Gagnon D, et al. Toward the development of predictive equations of back muscle capacity based on frequency- and temporal-domain electromyographic indices computed from intermittent static contractions. Spine J. 2009;9:87\u201395.","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"1987_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90173-3","volume":"79","author":"M Kankaanpaa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kankaanpaa M, Luaksonen D, Airaksinen SO, et al. Age, sex, and body mass index as determinants of back and hip extensor fatigue in the isometric sfirensen back endurance test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:1069\u201375.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1987_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.02.016","volume":"65","author":"P Hiepe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hiepe P, Gussew A, Rzanny R, et al. Age-related structural and functional changes of low back muscles. Exp Gerontol. 2015;65:23\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2015.02.016.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1987_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yassierli, Nussbaum MA. Effects of age, gender, and task parameters on fatigue development during intermittent isokinetic torso extensions. Int J Ind Ergon. 2009;39:185\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.05.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.05.003"},{"key":"1987_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yassierli, Nussbaum MA, Iridiastadi H, et al. The influence of age on isometric endurance and fatigue is muscle dependent: a study of shoulder abduction and torso extension. Ergonomics. 2007;50:26\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140130600967323","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600967323"},{"key":"1987_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00299","volume":"8","author":"GR Ebenbichler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ebenbichler GR, Unterlerchner L, Habenicht R. Estimating neural control from concentric vs. eccentric surface electromyographic representations during fatiguing, cyclic submaximal back extension exercises. Front Physiol. 2017;8:299.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127251321769","author":"C Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen C, Zhang C, Tang Y, et al. Quantitative assessments of paraspinal muscles and their relationship with lumbar extensor muscle function based on Dixon magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10538127251321769.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"1987_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ropponen A, Levalahti E, Videman T, et al. The role of genetics and environment in lifting force and isometric trunk extensor endurance. Phys Ther. 2004;608\u201321.","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/84.7.608"},{"key":"1987_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2022.2034403","volume":"30","author":"F Keshavarzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keshavarzi F, Azadinia F, Talebian S, et al. Impairments in trunk muscles performance and proprioception in older adults with hyperkyphosis. J Man Manip Ther. 2022;30:249\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10669817.2022.2034403.","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"1987_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199710000-00007","volume":"10","author":"L Gibbons","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gibbons L, Latikka P, Videman T, et al. The association of trunk muscle cross-sectional area and magnetic resonance image parameters with isokinetic and psychophysical lifting strength and static back muscle endurance in men. J Spinal Disord. 1997;10:398\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"1987_CR69","unstructured":"Laura Gibbons. Back function testing and paraspinal muscle magnetic resonance image parameters: their associations and determinants: a study on male, monozygotic twins. 1998."},{"key":"1987_CR70","first-page":"347","volume":"12","author":"J Troup","year":"1972","unstructured":"Troup J, Chapman AE. Changes in the waveform of the electro myogram during fatiguing activity in the muscles of the spine and hips the analysis of postural stress. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1972;12:347\u201365.","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1987_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06747-6","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen C, Yang S, Tang Y, et al. Correlation between strength\/endurance of paraspinal muscles and sagittal parameters in patients with degenerative spinal deformity. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-023-06747-6.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1987_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00134-7","volume":"42","author":"GR Ebenbichler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebenbichler GR, Habenicht R, Ziegelbecker S, et al. Age- and sex-specific effects in paravertebral surface electromyographic back extensor muscle fatigue in chronic low back pain. Geroscience. 2020;42(1):251\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-019-00134-7.","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"1987_CR73","first-page":"S277","volume":"32","author":"L-A Lesniewski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lesniewski L-A, Sinning WE. Relationship between strength and muscle fatigue in older adults during a 30-second chair stand test. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:S277\u2013S277.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1987_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2627-6","volume":"113","author":"RB Parreira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parreira RB, Amorim CF, Gil AW. Effect of trunk extensor fatigue on the postural balance of elderly and young adults during unipodal task. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113:1989\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-013-2627-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07842-y","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yuan L, Zeng Y, et al. Relationship between paraspinal muscle morphology and function in different directions in a healthy Chinese population at different ages: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07842-y.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"1987_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957711500047","author":"CE Mbada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mbada CE, Ayanniyi O, Adedoyin RA, et al. Back muscles\u2019 endurance in adolescents and adults: normative data for a sub-Saharan African population. J Musculoskelet Res. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0218957711500047.","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Res"},{"key":"1987_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2025.106577","author":"D Koch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koch D, N\u00fcesch C, Ignasiak D, et al. Age and activity but not lumbar spinal stenosis and muscle fatigue affect sagittal spinal alignment: a pilot study. Clin Biomech. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2025.106577.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"1987_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05864-5","author":"M Parrella","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parrella M, Borzuola R, Siciliano FP, et al. Fatigue-induced alterations in the spatial distribution of lumbar erector spinae activity in older versus young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05864-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21998","volume":"44","author":"DKA Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh DKA, Bailey M, Lee R. Strength and fatigue of lumbar extensor muscles in older adults. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44:74\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21998.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1987_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f9b1c4","volume":"43","author":"A Christie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Christie A, Snook EM, Kent-Braun JA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of skeletal muscle fatigue in old age. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:568\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f9b1c4.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1987_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00475.2016","volume":"121","author":"SK Hunter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hunter SK, Pereira HM, Keenan KG. The aging neuromuscular system and motor performance. J Appl Physiol. 2016;121:982\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00475.2016.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199318110-00007","volume":"18","author":"K J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1993","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen K, Nicholaisen T, Kato M. Muscle fiber distribution, capillary density, and enzymatic activities in the lumbar paravertebral muscles of young men. Significance for isometric endurance. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993;18:1439\u201350.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"1987_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-210241","volume":"35","author":"A Yazici","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yazici A, Yerlikaya T. Investigation of the relationship between the clinical evaluation results of lumbar region muscles with cross-sectional area and fat infiltration. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2022;35:1277\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BMR-210241.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"1987_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100333","volume":"91","author":"KG Avin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avin KG, Law LAF. Age-related differences in muscle fatigue vary by contraction type: a meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2011;91:1153\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20100333.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"1987_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a18263","volume":"34","author":"GE Hicks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hicks GE, Morone N, Weiner DK. Degenerative lumbar disc and facet disease in older adults: prevalence and clinical correlates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34:1301\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a18263.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"1987_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00319.2022","volume":"133","author":"MT Paris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paris MT, McNeil CJ, Power GA, et al. Age-related performance fatigability: a comprehensive review of dynamic tasks. J Appl Physiol. 2022;133:850\u201366.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1987_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10116","volume":"25","author":"BL Allman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allman BL, Rice CL. Neuromuscular fatigue and aging: central and peripheral factors. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25:785\u201396.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01987-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01987-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01987-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:05:11Z","timestamp":1789398311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01987-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01987-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}