{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:34:25Z","timestamp":1791999265797,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72474007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72474007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-02001-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:27:37Z","timestamp":1763342857000},"page":"6489-6501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis of multimorbidity prevalence among Chinese older adults: from 2002 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Yebo","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hewei","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.54097\/n5cyge67","volume":"26","author":"J Ni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ni J. The aging population in China. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management. 2024;26:151\u20138.","journal-title":"Highlights in Business, Economics and Management"},{"key":"2001_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51135-7","volume":"9","author":"B Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez B, Reilly RB, Kenny RA. Investigation of multimorbidity and prevalent disease combinations in older Irish adults using network analysis and association rules. Sci Rep. 2019;9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2001_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38182","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, et al. Associations among multimorbid conditions in hospitalized middle-aged and older adults in China: statistical analysis of medical records. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2001_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx201","volume":"47","author":"A Kingston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kingston A, et al. Projections of multi-morbidity in the older population in England to 2035: estimates from the population ageing and care simulation (PACSim) model. Age Ageing. 2018;47:374\u201380.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2001_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101860","author":"SR Chowdhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chowdhury SR, Das DC, Sunna TC, Beyene J, Hossain A. Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. E Clin Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101860.","journal-title":"E Clin Med"},{"key":"2001_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057017","volume":"12","author":"IS-S Ho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho IS-S, et al. Variation in the estimated prevalence of multimorbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis of 193 international studies. BMJ Open. 2022;12.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2001_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052126","volume":"11","author":"SS Ghazali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghazali SS, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with multimorbidity among older adults in Malaysia: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2001_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320202510.34492018","volume":"25","author":"LAd Melo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Melo LAd, Lima KCd. Prevalence and factors associated with multimorbidities in Brazilian older adults. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2020;25:3869\u201377.","journal-title":"Cienc Saude Coletiva"},{"key":"2001_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu Y. et al. Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in China during 2002\u20132022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 2023;102165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102165"},{"key":"2001_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caraballo C. et al. Temporal trends in racial and ethnic disparities in multimorbidity prevalence in the United States, 1999\u20132018. The American Journal of Medicine  2022;135, 1083\u20131092. e1014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.04.010"},{"key":"2001_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00432-8","volume":"2","author":"B Chireh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chireh B, D\u2019Arcy C. Contrasting trends in prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity, Canada 1978\u20132014. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2:1563\u201372.","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"key":"2001_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768231206033","volume":"117","author":"J Valabhji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valabhji J, et al. Prevalence of multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity) in England: a whole population study of over 60 million people. J R Soc Med. 2024;117:104\u201317.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"2001_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063216","volume":"13","author":"Y Saito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saito Y, Igarashi A, Nakayama T, Fukuma S. Prevalence of multimorbidity and its associations with hospitalisation or death in Japan 2014\u20132019: a retrospective cohort study using nationwide medical claims data in the middle-aged generation. BMJ Open. 2023;13.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2001_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.998948","volume":"11","author":"C Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan C, Cao N, Kelifa MO, Luo S. Age and cohort trends in disability among Chinese older adults. Front Public Health. 2023;11.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2001_CR15","first-page":"90","volume":"1","author":"T Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li T. Which generation is happier? An age-period-cohort analysis on the subjective well-being of Chinese residents. Population & Economics. 2018;1:90\u2013102.","journal-title":"Population & Economics"},{"key":"2001_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023927","volume":"9","author":"FT Lai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lai FT, et al. Sex-specific intergenerational trends in morbidity burden and multimorbidity status in Hong Kong community: an age-period-cohort analysis of repeated population surveys. BMJ Open. 2019;9.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2001_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103395","volume":"17","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, et al. Multimorbidity among two million adults in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2001_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12126-021-09419-9","volume":"47","author":"P Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma P, Maurya P. Gender differences in the prevalence and pattern of disease combination of chronic multimorbidity among Indian elderly. Ageing Int. 2022;47:265\u201383.","journal-title":"Ageing Int"},{"key":"2001_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214691","volume":"75","author":"E Ingram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ingram E, et al. Household and area-level social determinants of multimorbidity: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021;75:232\u201341.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2001_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2004.00147.x","volume":"4","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zeng Y. Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey and some research findings. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2004;4:S49\u201352.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2001_CR21","unstructured":"Yang Y. & Land KC. Age-period-cohort analysis: new models, methods, and empirical applications. (Taylor & Francis, 2013)."},{"key":"2001_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013259","volume":"6","author":"R Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu R, et al. Trends in activities of daily living disability in a large sample of community-dwelling Chinese older adults in Hong Kong: an age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2001_CR23","volume-title":"Cohort analysis in social research: beyond the identification problem","author":"J Heckman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Heckman J, Robb R, Mason W, Fienberg S. Cohort analysis in social research: beyond the identification problem. New York: Springer Verlag; 1985."},{"key":"2001_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2006.00175.x","volume":"36","author":"Y Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang Y, Land KC. A mixed models approach to the age-period-cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys, with an application to data on trends in verbal test scores. Sociol Methodol. 2006;36:75\u201397.","journal-title":"Sociol Methodol"},{"key":"2001_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124106292360","volume":"36","author":"Y Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang Y, Land KC. Age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys: fixed or random effects? Sociol Methods Res. 2008;36:297\u2013326.","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"2001_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y. in Handbook of aging and the social sciences 17\u201330 (Elsevier, 2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380880-6.00002-2"},{"key":"2001_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.210","volume":"351","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang S, et al. Marriage matching patterns associated with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: a nationally representative age-period-cohort modeling study. J Affect Disord. 2024;351:341\u20138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2001_CR28","unstructured":"Raudenbush SW. & Bryk AS. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. Vol. 1 (sage, 2002)."},{"key":"2001_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/data3030035","volume":"3","author":"H Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wang Y, Wu D, Chen J. Evolutionary path of factors influencing life satisfaction among Chinese elderly: a perspective of data visualization. Data. 2018;3.","journal-title":"Data"},{"key":"2001_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.002","volume":"185","author":"VD Longo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Longo VD, Anderson RM. Nutrition, longevity and disease: from molecular mechanisms to interventions. Cell. 2022;185:1455\u201370.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2001_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00140-X","volume":"4","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, et al. Healthy lifestyle in late-life, longevity genes, and life expectancy among older adults: a 20-year, population-based, prospective cohort study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023;4:e535\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"2001_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-B. et al. Associations of healthy lifestyle and socioeconomic status with mortality and incident cardiovascular disease: two prospective cohort studies. Bmj 2021;373.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n604"},{"key":"2001_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246623","volume":"16","author":"DL de Bezerra Souza","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Bezerra Souza DL, et al. Multimorbidity and its associated factors among adults aged 50 and over: a cross-sectional study in 17 European countries. PLoS One. 2021;16.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2001_CR34","unstructured":"Ortiz-Ospina E, Tzvetkova S. & Roser M. Women's employment. Our world in data (2024)."},{"key":"2001_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahr.2021.100052","volume":"2","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Hughes MC, Roberto KA, Savla J. Physical and mental health of family caregivers of older parents and grandchildren in China. Aging and Health Research. 2022;2.","journal-title":"Aging and Health Research"},{"key":"2001_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4979-z","volume":"18","author":"NK Adjei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adjei NK, Brand T. Investigating the associations between productive housework activities, sleep hours and self-reported health among elderly men and women in western industrialised countries. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2001_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15611-0","volume":"23","author":"L Sialino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sialino L, et al. Perspectives of older women in the Netherlands: identifying motivators and barriers for healthy lifestyles and determinants of healthy aging. BMC Public Health. 2023;23.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2001_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-313","volume":"11","author":"RD Tucker-Seeley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tucker-Seeley RD, Li Y, Sorensen G, Subramanian S. Lifecourse socioeconomic circumstances and multimorbidity among older adults. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2001_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075834","volume":"14","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu H, Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhao X. Exposure to early-life adversity and long-term trajectories of multimorbidity among older adults in China: analysis of longitudinal data from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2024;14.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2001_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1153","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180272","volume":"190","author":"S Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang S, et al. Influence of socioeconomic events on cause-specific mortality in urban Shanghai, China, from 1974 to 2015: a population-based longitudinal study. CMAJ. 2018;190:E1153\u201361.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2001_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-019-0486-6","volume":"15","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang Z, Ma Q, Fang G, Yang J. The development and reform of public health in China from 1949 to 2019. Glob Health. 2019;15:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"2001_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac070","volume":"77","author":"NJ Bishop","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bishop NJ, Haas SA, Qui\u00f1ones AR. Cohort trends in the burden of multiple chronic conditions among aging US adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 2022;77:1867\u201379.","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"},{"key":"2001_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab141","volume":"77","author":"N Zewde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zewde N, Crystal S. Impact of the 2008 recession on wealth-adjusted income and inequality for US cohorts. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 2022;77:780\u20139.","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02001-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02001-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02001-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:02:39Z","timestamp":1790186559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02001-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02001-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University,\u00a0China (IRB00001052-13074).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}