{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:15:37Z","timestamp":1774534537286,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100-2314-B-002-103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100-2314-B-002-103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101-2314-B-002-126-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101-2314-B-002-126-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104-2314-B-002-038-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104-2314-B-002-038-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107-2314-B-002-186-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2314-B-002-186-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2314-B-002-068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-002-068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111-2314-B-002-090-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2314-B-002-090-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114-2314-B-002 -062 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-002 -062 -MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103-2314-B-002-033-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103-2314-B-002-033-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107-2314-B-002-230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2314-B-002-230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2314-B-002-128-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2314-B-002-128-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2314-B-002-129-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-002-129-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113-2314-B-002-188-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-002-188-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02159-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:35:16Z","timestamp":1774532116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interactive effects of retinal biomarkers and sleep on cognition: longitudinal evidence from community-dwelling older adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ting-Wen","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeng-Min","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Ching","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7141-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Hau","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.22027","volume":"46","author":"JH Shin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shin JH. Dementia epidemiology fact sheet 2022. Ann Rehabil Med. 2022;46(2):53\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5535\/arm.22027.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100303","volume":"9","author":"Y Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun Y, Lee HJ, Yang SC, Chen TF, Lin KN, Lin CC, et al. A nationwide survey of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, including very mild dementia, in Taiwan. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e100303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100303.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2159_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000004826","volume":"90","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, Getchius TSD, Ganguli M, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment: Report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the american academy of neurology. Neurology. 2018;90(3):126\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000004826.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2159_CR4","volume-title":"World Alzheimer report 2011: the benefits of early diagnosis and intervention","author":"M Prince","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prince M, Bryce R, Ferri C. World Alzheimer report 2011: the benefits of early diagnosis and intervention. London: Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International; 2011."},{"issue":"11","key":"2159_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30314-8","volume":"19","author":"G Ch\u00e9telat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9telat G, Arbizu J, Barthel H, Garibotto V, Law I, Morbelli S, et al. Amyloid-PET and (18)F-FDG-PET in the diagnostic investigation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(11):951\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30314-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd008782","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008782.pub4","volume":"2014","author":"C Ritchie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ritchie C, Smailagic N, Noel-Storr AH, Takwoingi Y, Flicker L, Mason SE, et al. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta for the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(6):Cd008782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008782.pub4.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227","volume":"9","author":"A London","year":"2013","unstructured":"London A, Benhar I, Schwartz M. The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to cns disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(1):44\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2159_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301628","volume":"83","author":"MK Ikram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ikram MK, Cheung CY, Wong TY, Chen CP. Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(9):917\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2159_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.1563","volume":"140","author":"HM Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim HM, Han JW, Park YJ, Bae JB, Woo SJ, Kim KW. Association between retinal layer thickness and cognitive decline in older adults. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(7):683\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.1563.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233975","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233975","volume":"15","author":"C Criscuolo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Criscuolo C, Cennamo G, Montorio D, Carotenuto A, Strianese A, Salvatore E, et al. Assessment of retinal vascular network in amnestic mild cognitive impairment by optical coherence tomography angiography. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6):e0233975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233975.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.02.002","volume":"3","author":"SP Yoon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoon SP, Grewal DS, Thompson AC, Polascik BW, Dunn C, Burke JR, et al. Retinal microvascular and neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment compared with control participants. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(6):489\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2019.02.002.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"10","key":"2159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1578","volume":"75","author":"F Ko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ko F, Muthy ZA, Gallacher J, Sudlow C, Rees G, Yang Q, et al. Association of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning with current and future cognitive decline: a study using optical coherence tomography. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(10):1198\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1578.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2159_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1563","volume":"75","author":"U Mutlu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mutlu U, Colijn JM, Ikram MA, Bonnemaijer PWM, Licher S, Wolters FJ, et al. Association of retinal neurodegeneration on optical coherence tomography with dementia: a population-based study. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(10):1256\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1563.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.05.021","volume":"127","author":"Y Ito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ito Y, Sasaki M, Takahashi H, Nozaki S, Matsuguma S, Motomura K, et al. Quantitative assessment of the retina using oct and associations with cognitive function. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(1):107\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.05.021.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.10.006","volume":"11","author":"YL Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu YL, Hsieh YT, Chen TF, Chiou JM, Tsai MK, Chen JH, et al. Retinal ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer thickness is nonlinearly associated with cognitive impairment in the community-dwelling elderly. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement: Diagnosis Assess Dis Monit. 2019;11(1):19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.10.006.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement: Diagnosis Assess Dis Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0516-x","volume":"11","author":"J den Haan","year":"2019","unstructured":"den Haan J, Csinscik L, Parker T, Paterson RW, Slattery CF, Foulkes A, et al. Retinal thickness as potential biomarker in posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-019-0516-x.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"2159_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70172-3","volume":"13","author":"K Yaffe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hoang T. Connections between sleep and cognition in older adults. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(10):1017\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70172-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2159_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12102","volume":"23","author":"B Sivertsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sivertsen B, Lallukka T, Salo P, Pallesen S, Hysing M, Krokstad S, et al. Insomnia as a risk factor for ill health: Results from the large population-based prospective hunt study in norway. J Sleep Res. 2014;23(2):124\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12102.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2159_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.4258","volume":"70","author":"AP Spira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spira AP, Gamaldo AA, An Y, Wu MN, Simonsick EM, Bilgel M, et al. Self-reported sleep and \u03b2-amyloid deposition in community-dwelling older adults. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(12):1537\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.4258.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264315618921","volume":"28","author":"YW Endeshaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Endeshaw YW, Yoo W. Association between social and physical activities and insomnia symptoms among community-dwelling older adults. J Aging Health. 2016;28(6):1073\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0898264315618921.","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"key":"2159_CR21","unstructured":"Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. Report on the social development trend survey in Taiwan, 2001: Health and safety. Taiwan: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan; 2002."},{"key":"2159_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casagrande M, Forte G, Favieri F, Corbo I. Sleep quality and aging: A systematic review on healthy older people, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19148457.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148457."},{"key":"2159_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111513","volume":"154","author":"L Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith L, Shin JI, Jacob L, Carmichael C, L\u00f3pez S\u00e1nchez GF, Oh H, et al. Sleep problems and mild cognitive impairment among adults aged \u226550\u00a0years from low- and middle-income countries. Exp Gerontol. 2021;154:111513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111513.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2159_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2013573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13573","volume":"3","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma Y, Liang L, Zheng F, Shi L, Zhong B, Xie W. Association between sleep duration and cognitive decline. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2013573\u2013e2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13573.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw127","volume":"72","author":"K Bokenberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bokenberger K, Str\u00f6m P, Dahl Aslan AK, Johansson AL, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, et al. Association between sleep characteristics and incident dementia accounting for baseline cognitive status: a prospective population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(1):134\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glw127.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2159_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_985_21","volume":"70","author":"V Sundaram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sundaram V, Haridas S, Dhar M, Harikrishnan CP. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and optic nerve head morphological parameters in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and comparison with normal population. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022;70(2):453\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_985_21.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2159_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01937-4","volume":"41","author":"S Guven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guven S, Kilic D, Bolatturk OF. Thinning of the inner and outer retinal layers, including the ganglion cell layer and photoreceptor layers, in obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome unrelated to the disease severity. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41(11):3559\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-021-01937-4.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2159_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1238942","volume":"42","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, He M, Huang W. Changes of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Eye Res. 2017;42(5):796\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02713683.2016.1238942.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2159_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01648-2","volume":"41","author":"E Chalkiadaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chalkiadaki E, Andreanos K, Karmiris E, Florou C, Tsiafaki X, Amfilochiou A, et al. Ganglion cell layer thickening in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea\u2013hypopnea syndrome with long mean apnea\u2013hypopnea duration during sleep. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41(3):923\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01648-2.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2159_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.279","volume":"32","author":"N Kara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kara N, Sayin N, Bayramoglu SE, Savas AU. Peripapillary retina nerve fiber layer thickness and macular ganglion cell layer thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eye. 2018;32(4):701\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2017.279.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0216-2","volume":"16","author":"B Ferrandez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferrandez B, Ferreras A, Calvo P, Abadia B, Marin JM, Pajarin AB. Assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016;16(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-016-0216-2.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2159_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109907","volume":"243","author":"S Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang S, Zhang W, Xuan S, Si H, Huang D, Ba M, et al. Chronic sleep deprivation impairs retinal circadian transcriptome and visual function. Exp Eye Res. 2024;243:109907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109907.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2159_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024057","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2024057","volume":"46","author":"PI Hsieh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hsieh PI, Huang TH, Chiou JM, Chen JH, Chen YC. Cohort profile: the Taiwan initiative for geriatric epidemiological research - a prospective cohort study on cognition. Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/epih.e2024057.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2159_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610211002298","volume":"24","author":"CF Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai CF, Lee WJ, Wang SJ, Shia BC, Nasreddine Z, Fuh JL. Psychometrics of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and its subscales: validation of the Taiwanese version of the MoCA and an item response theory analysis. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(4):651\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1041610211002298.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2159_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.033","volume":"122","author":"DC Tsai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsai DC, Chen SJ, Huang CC, Yuan MK, Leu HB. Age-related macular degeneration and risk of degenerative dementia among the elderly in Taiwan: a population-based cohort study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(11):2327-2335.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.033.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17013","volume":"56","author":"EK Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee EK, Yu HG. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(6):3976\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.15-17013.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2159_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","volume":"1","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National sleep foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary. Sleep Health: J Natl Sleep Found. 2015;1(1):40\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010.","journal-title":"Sleep Health: J Natl Sleep Found"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2159_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang Z, Xie F, Li H, Yuan F, Zeng L, Shi L, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and associations with cognitive impairment in parkinson\u2019s disease. Original Research. 2022; 14 \u2013 2022.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.832768.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.832768."},{"issue":"7","key":"2159_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e914","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14419","volume":"98","author":"S Szegedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szegedi S, Dal-Bianco P, St\u00f6gmann E, Traub-Weidinger T, Rainer M, Masching A, et al. Anatomical and functional changes in the retina in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98(7):e914\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.14419.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2159_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.01.003","volume":"10","author":"CY Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos CY, Johnson LN, Sinoff SE, Festa EK, Heindel WC, Snyder PJ. Change in retinal structural anatomy during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement: Diagnosis Assess Dis Monit. 2018;10:196\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.01.003.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement: Diagnosis Assess Dis Monit"},{"issue":"5","key":"2159_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232785","volume":"15","author":"S Asanad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asanad S, Fantini M, Sultan W, Nassisi M, Felix CM, Wu J, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness predicts csf amyloid\/tau before cognitive decline. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(5):e0232785.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"2159_CR44","first-page":"5946","volume":"60","author":"S Asanad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asanad S, Fantini M, Sultan WC, Nassisi M, Felix C, Wu J, et al. The retina in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Degeneration of the eye before the brain. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(9):5946\u20135946.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2159_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2019.04.003","volume":"11","author":"R Tao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tao R, Lu Z, Ding D, Fu S, Hong Z, Liang X, et al. Perifovea retinal thickness as an ophthalmic biomarker for mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement: Diagnosis Assess Dis Monit. 2019;11:405\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadm.2019.04.003.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement: Diagnosis Assess Dis Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"2159_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153830","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153830","volume":"11","author":"LP Cunha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cunha LP, Lopes LC, Costa-Cunha LV, Costa CF, Pires LA, Almeida AL, et al. Macular thickness measurements with frequency domain-oct for quantification of retinal neural loss and its correlation with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0153830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0153830.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2159_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14437","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14437","volume":"21","author":"YS Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee YS, Hsieh YT, Huang TH, Chiou JM, Peng TC, Liu YL, et al. Interocular retinal asymmetry and cognitive frailty: A prospective cohort study. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(2):e14437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.14437.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2159_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-019-00173-4","volume":"8","author":"J Ngolab","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ngolab J, Honma P, Rissman RA. Reflections on the utility of the retina as a biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a literature review. Neurol Ther. 2019;8(Suppl 2):57\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-019-00173-4.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2159_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x18666200131105418","volume":"18","author":"S Merlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merlo S, Spampinato SF, Caruso GI, Sortino MA. The ambiguous role of microglia in a\u03b2 toxicity: chances for therapeutic intervention. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(5):446\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x18666200131105418.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2159_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.010","volume":"584","author":"YT Ong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ong YT, Hilal S, Cheung CY, Venketasubramanian N, Niessen WJ, Vrooman H, et al. Retinal neurodegeneration on optical coherence tomography and cerebral atrophy. Neurosci Lett. 2015;584:12\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.010.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2159_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00758","volume":"14","author":"S Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee S, Jiang K, McIlmoyle B, To E, Xu QA, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, et al. Amyloid beta immunoreactivity in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the Alzheimer\u2019s eye. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00758.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"2159_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8095","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12634","volume":"54","author":"ARC Celebi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Celebi ARC, Mirza GE. Age-related change in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(13):8095\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-12634.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2159_CR53","first-page":"Op290","volume":"78","author":"JM Emery","year":"1974","unstructured":"Emery JM, Landis D, Paton D, Boniuk M, Craig JM. The lamina cribrosa in normal and glaucomatous human eyes. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1974;78(2):Op290-7.","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2159_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010635009","volume":"99","author":"HA Quigley","year":"1981","unstructured":"Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR, Maumenee AE. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. Ii. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(4):635\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010635009.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010139020","volume":"99","author":"HA Quigley","year":"1981","unstructured":"Quigley HA, Addicks EM. Regional differences in the structure of the lamina cribrosa and their relation to glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(1):137\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010139020.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2159_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0333-7","volume":"16","author":"C Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng C, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. Protein transmission in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(4):199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-0333-7.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2159_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3782","volume":"10","author":"TE Gildner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gildner TE, Liebert MA, Kowal P, Chatterji S, Snodgrass JJ. Associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive test performance among older adults from six middle income countries: results from the study on global ageing and adult health (sage). J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(6):613\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.3782.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"2159_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469580231171820","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580231171820","volume":"60","author":"W Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng W, Gao T, Zhong Y, Ge L. Association between sleep and cognition of older adults in rural areas: a cross-sectional study. Inquiry. 2023;60:469580231171820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580231171820.","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"2159_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115760","volume":"333","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiong Y, Tvedt J, \u00c5kerstedt T, Cadar D, Wang H-X. Impact of sleep duration and sleep disturbances on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a 10-year follow-up study. Psychiatr Res. 2024;333:115760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115760.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2159_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774167","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.774167","volume":"13","author":"W Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu W, Bai A, Huang X, Gao Y, Liu L. Association between sleep and motoric cognitive risk syndrome among community-dwelling older adults: results from the china health and retirement longitudinal study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:774167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.774167.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12417-w","volume":"22","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Heizhati M, Wang L, Li M, Yang Z, Lin M, et al. Poor sleep quality is negatively associated with low cognitive performance in general population independent of self-reported sleep disordered breathing. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12417-w.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2159_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61627-6","volume":"10","author":"Z Zavecz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zavecz Z, Nagy T, Galk\u00f3 A, Nemeth D, Janacsek K. The relationship between subjective sleep quality and cognitive performance in healthy young adults: evidence from three empirical studies. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):4855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61627-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2159_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.2.181","volume":"19","author":"MV Springer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Springer MV, McIntosh AR, Winocur G, Grady CL. The relation between brain activity during memory tasks and years of education in young and older adults. Neuropsychology. 2005;19(2):181\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.19.2.181.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2159_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kerner N, Espejo K, Bell SA, Pollina J, Goldberg TE, Devanand DPJAs, et al. Association between sleep health and cognitive reserve in older adults with cognitive concerns. Alzheimer's Dement. 2021;17(16). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.057893","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.057893"},{"issue":"7","key":"2159_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070654","volume":"14","author":"F Balsamo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balsamo F, Berretta E, Meneo D, Baglioni C, Gelfo F. The complex relationship between sleep and cognitive reserve: a narrative review based on human studies. Brain Sci. 2024;14(7):654.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"6156","key":"2159_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","volume":"342","author":"L Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013;342(6156):373\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1241224.","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02159-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02159-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02159-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:35:20Z","timestamp":1774532120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02159-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["2159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02159-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have potentially influenced the findings presented in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at National Taiwan University Hospital, and the committee\u2019s reference numbers are 202501209RINB, 202401172RINC, 202112042RINA, 202012214RIN, 201712220RIN, 201412213RINC, 201112047RIB, and 201101039RB for YC Chen; and 202312052RINC, 202012285RINA, 201812102RIN, 201712218RIN, and 201312156RINC for JH Chen.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All human subjects provided informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}