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Participants were randomized to a physical activity group performing moderate-to-vigorous-intensity aerobic, coordination, and balance exercises, or to an active control group engaging in progressive muscle relaxation and listening to aging-related podcasts. The primary outcome was change in visual processing speed (items\/s) from pre- to post-assessment. Secondary outcomes included changes in additional cognitive measures, rsFC, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and the gut microbiome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcome showed no significant between-group differences. However, exploratory analyses revealed potential improvements in inhibition (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                      2\u2009=\u20090.061;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025) and visual memory (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                      2\u2009=\u20090.047;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040) in the physical activity group. This group also showed a potential increase in rsFC between visual and dorsal attention networks (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                      2\u2009=\u20090.101;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). Visual memory gains correlated with improvements in rsFC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013). No between-group differences were observed in CRF or gut microbiome composition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the primary outcome (visual processing speed) and predefined mechanistic pathways (e.g., gut microbiome composition) remained unaffected, this may partly reflect the sample\u2019s high baseline fitness, which likely limited observable improvements. Exploratory findings suggest potential cognitive and associated rsFC benefits in memory and attention-related networks. The online format enabled a structured, scalable intervention while minimizing potential confounding from social interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/drks.de\/search\/de\/trial\/DRKS00028022\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/drks.de\/search\/de\/trial\/DRKS00028022<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (date of registration: 14.02.2022).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02324-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:04:23Z","timestamp":1779383063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of an online-guided physical activity intervention on cognition, resting-state brain connectivity, and the gut microbiome in healthy older adults\u2014a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon J.","family":"Schrenk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Dost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Flor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Frahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami Abou","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Herbsleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Kattlun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Josef","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Puta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Radscheidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana L.","family":"Ruiz-Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Scherag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Steidten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto W.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Brodoehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Finke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.002","volume":"29","author":"CN Harada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harada CN, Love MCN, Triebel K. 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