{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:00:28Z","timestamp":1790186428682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL152453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL152453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25HL105444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25HL105444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL142066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL142066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG075007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG075007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG067523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG067523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dementia affects over 55 million people worldwide, with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) comprising most cases. Because curative therapies remain unavailable, there is an urgent need for prevention strategies that target modifiable risk factors. Behavioral interventions\u2014particularly sleep improvement and physical activity\u2014can independently benefit cognition, brain function, and cardiometabolic health, yet their combined (potentially synergistic) effects and scalable delivery models remain underexplored. This exploratory, hypothesis-generating, three-arm randomized controlled trial will evaluate: (1) whether improvements in sleep metrics are associated with improvements in cognitive performance and biomarker panels reflecting brain and cardiometabolic health; (2) the effects of structured, moderate-intensity aerobic and anaerobic exercise on cognitive performance and biomarker panels; (3) the combined effects of sleep and exercise interventions on cognitive performance and biomarker panels, including potential synergy; and (4) the role of light exposure as a modulator of sleep parameters. Over 8 weeks at a single site, 60 community-dwelling adults, aged 55\u201380\u00a0years, with and without mild cognitive impairment, will be randomized to exercise-only, sleep-only, or combined sleep-plus-exercise interventions. Programs will be delivered in-person and\/or using Elemind Neuromodulation headbands, Fitbit trackers, and Lys light sensors. Cognitive function will be assessed with the Digital Neuro-Signature Platform, and plasma biomarkers will index cardiometabolic health and AD-related neuropathology. Findings will inform larger, multi-site trials targeting modifiable AD risk factors using scalable, digital, and decentralized intervention platforms. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04855630;\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04855630\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04855630<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    . Registration date 04\/19\/2021.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02337-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:26:55Z","timestamp":1780709215000},"page":"6353-6374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combating Alzheimer\u2019s through sleep and exercise (CASE): A study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Debbie","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany A.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent G.","family":"Garchitorena Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto R.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neva J.","family":"Kirk-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girardin","family":"Jean-Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0843-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azizi A.","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2337_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on the public health response to dementia. World Health Organization. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/344701. Accessed 18 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"5","key":"2337_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","volume":"20","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20(5):3708\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.13809.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2337_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101734","volume":"67","author":"S Qin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qin S, Leong RLF, Ong JL, Chee MWL. Associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognition in healthy older adults: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;67:101734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101734.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2337_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.03.003","volume":"41","author":"KA Wilckens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilckens KA, Ferrarelli F, Walker MP, Buysse DJ. Slow-wave activity enhancement to improve cognition. Trends Neurosci. 2018;41(7):470\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2018.03.003.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2337_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181d14633","volume":"72","author":"PJ Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith PJ, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine. 2010;72(3):239\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.","journal-title":"Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"2337_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","volume":"108","author":"KI Erickson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erickson KI, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(7):3017\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1015950108.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.03.004","volume":"12","author":"J-C Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen J-C, et al. Sleep duration, cognitive decline, and dementia risk in older women. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia. 2016;12(1):21\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.03.004.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2337_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25166","volume":"83","author":"SW Suh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suh SW, et al. Sleep and cognitive decline: a prospective nondemented elderly cohort study. Annals of Neurology. 2018;83(3):472\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25166.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"2337_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00069","author":"VM Pak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pak VM, Onen S-H, Bliwise DL, Kutner NG, Russell KL, Onen F. Sleep disturbances in MCI and AD: neuroinflammation as a possible mediating pathway. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00069.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170188","volume":"286","author":"T Matsuoka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matsuoka T, et al. Reduced pineal volume in Alzheimer disease: a retrospective cross-sectional MR imaging study,. Radiology. 2018;286(1):239\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2017170188.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2337_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.08.002","volume":"42","author":"M Atienza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atienza M, Ziontz J, Cantero JL. Low-grade inflammation in the relationship between sleep disruption, dysfunctional adiposity, and cognitive decline in aging,. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;42:171\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.08.002.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"2337_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01000","author":"MF Trinchero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trinchero MF, Herrero M, Schinder AF. Rejuvenating the brain with chronic exercise through adult neurogenesis,. Front Neurosci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01000.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2337_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.S39506","volume":"9","author":"NJ Kirk-Sanchez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kirk-Sanchez NJ, McGough EL. Physical exercise and cognitive performance in the elderly: current perspectives,. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cia.S39506.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2337_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2016.1253013","volume":"16","author":"KA Wilckens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilckens KA, Erickson KI, Wheeler ME. Physical activity and cognition: a mediating role of efficient sleep,. Behav Sleep Med. 2018;16(6):569\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15402002.2016.1253013.","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2337_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-215484","volume":"87","author":"B Cheval","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheval B, et al. Better subjective sleep quality partly explains the association between self-reported physical activity and better cognitive function,. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;87(2):919\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-215484.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2337_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59015","volume":"27","author":"H Shimada","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shimada H, et al. A new computer-based cognitive measure for early detection of dementia risk (Japan cognitive function test): validation study. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e59015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/59015.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2337_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.02.004","volume":"10","author":"L Hern\u00e1ndez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Dom\u00ednguez L, Ratt\u00e9 S, Sierra-Mart\u00ednez G, Roche-Bergua A. Computer-based evaluation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment patients during a picture description task,. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2018;10:260\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.02.004.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"2337_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott M, Fernandez L, O'Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners.\u00a0J Biomed Inform. 2019;95103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"2337_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support.\u00a0J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-015-0032-x","volume":"1","author":"WM Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown WM, Davison GW, McClean CM, Murphy MH. A systematic review of the acute effects of exercise on immune and inflammatory indices in untrained adults,. Sports Med - Open. 2015;1(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-015-0032-x.","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"2337_CR21","unstructured":"PROMIS. Instruments Available for Use in Assessment Center. https:\/\/www.assessmentcenter.net\/documents\/InstrumentLibrary.pdf. Accessed 21 Jan 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"2337_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","volume":"46","author":"RA Washburn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(2):153\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2337_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, Haskell WL, Gillis D, Ritter PL. CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: Outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(7):1126\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200107000-00010.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200107000-00010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610219002175","volume":"33","author":"J Perales-Puchalt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perales-Puchalt J, et al. Risk of mild cognitive impairment among older adults in the United States by ethnoracial group. Int Psychogeriatr. 2021;33(1):51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1041610219002175.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2337_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13751","volume":"20","author":"RL Simons","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simons RL, et al. Racial discrimination during middle age predicts higher serum phosphorylated tau and neurofilament light chain levels a decade later: a study of aging Black Americans. Alzheimers Dement. 2024;20(5):3485\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.13751.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"2","key":"2337_CR26","first-page":"375","volume":"17","author":"D Chisholm","year":"1975","unstructured":"Chisholm D, Collis M, Kulak L, Davenport W, Gruber N. Physical activity readiness. BC Med J. 1975;17(2):375\u20138.","journal-title":"BC Med J"},{"key":"2337_CR27","first-page":"S228","volume":"181","author":"RO Caoimh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caoimh RO, et al. The Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen: a new screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Ir J Med Sci. Sep2012;181:S228\u20139.","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2337_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5498","volume":"12","author":"DL Reed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reed DL, Sacco WP. Measuring sleep efficiency: what should the denominator be? J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(2):263\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.5498.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-161204","volume":"57","author":"R O\u2019Caoimh","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Caoimh R, Gao Y, Svendovski A, Gallagher P, Eustace J, Molloy DW. Comparing approaches to optimize cut-off scores for short cognitive screening instruments in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(1):123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-161204.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2337_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70026","volume":"39","author":"DA Fernandez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fernandez DA, Schmitz S, Foil H, Brouillette R, Keller JN, Hilsabeck RC. Validation of the quick mild cognitive impairment screen in an American sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2024;39(11):e70026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.70026.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-32","volume":"11","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, the CG. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials. 2010;11(1):32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1745-6215-11-32.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2337_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00749-w","volume":"16","author":"DF Cabral","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cabral DF, Rice J, Morris TP, Rundek T, Pascual-Leone A, Gomes-Osman J. Exercise for brain health: an investigation into the underlying mechanisms guided by dose. Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16(3):580\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-019-00749-w.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8","volume":"37","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(1):153\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2337_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1590\/s0066-782x2008001700005","volume":"91","author":"SR Camarda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Camarda SR, et al. Comparison of maximal heart rate using the prediction equations proposed by Karvonen and Tanaka. Arq Bras Cardiol. Nov2008;91(5):311\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0066-782x2008001700005.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2337_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","volume":"41","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2009","unstructured":"American College of Sports Medicine. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):687\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2337_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134476","author":"P \u0160ag\u00e1t","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0160ag\u00e1t P, Kal\u010dik Z, Bartik P, \u0160i\u0161ka \u013d, \u0160tefan L. A simple equation to estimate maximal oxygen uptake in older adults using the 6 min walk test, sex, age and body mass index. J Clin Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12134476.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2337_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.869790","author":"A VandeBunte","year":"2022","unstructured":"VandeBunte A, et al. Physical activity measurement in older adults: wearables versus self-report. Front Digit Health. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2022.869790.","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2337_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200546","volume":"15","author":"DM Weber","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weber DM, et al. Development and clinical validation of blood-based multibiomarker models for the evaluation of brain amyloid pathology. Neurol Clin Pract. 2025;15(6):e200546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200546.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"2337_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105809","volume":"90","author":"HK Salamatullah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salamatullah HK, et al. The interaction between exercise and neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;90:105809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105809.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0730-6","volume":"18","author":"LF ten Brinke","year":"2018","unstructured":"ten Brinke LF, Best JR, Crockett RA, Liu-Ambrose T. The effects of an 8-week computerized cognitive training program in older adults: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-018-0730-6.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2337_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2022.08.001","volume":"47","author":"Z-Z Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai Z-Z, Lin R, Wang X-X, Yan Y-J, Li H. Effects of mindfulness in patients with mild cognitive impairment with insomnia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Nurs. 2022;47:239\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2022.08.001.","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"2337_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2021.2009447","volume":"43","author":"H Wilks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilks H, et al. Sharper in the morning: cognitive time of day effects revealed with high-frequency smartphone testing. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2021;43(8):825\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2021.2009447.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2337_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037243","volume":"29","author":"JAE Anderson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson JAE, Campbell KL, Amer T, Grady CL, Hasher L. Timing is everything: age differences in the cognitive control network are modulated by time of day. Psychol Aging. 2014;29(3):648\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037243.","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2337_CR44","volume-title":"The Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale\u2013Adult (CERIS-A)","author":"F Worrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Worrell F, Vandiver B. The Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale\u2013Adult (CERIS-A). University of California; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01820-w","volume":"22","author":"C D\u2019Amore","year":"2025","unstructured":"D\u2019Amore C, Mayhew A, Griffith LE, Raina P, Richardson J, Beauchamp MK. Normative values for the physical activity scale for the elderly in community-dwelling men and women 45 to 85 years old: an analysis from the CLSA. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2025;22(1):127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-025-01820-w.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02337-0","volume":"21","author":"O Hatami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hatami O, Aghabagheri M, Kahdouei S, Nasiriani K. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE). BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02337-0.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-020-00252-8","volume":"17","author":"A Wi\u015bniowska-Szurlej","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wi\u015bniowska-Szurlej A, \u0106wirlej-Soza\u0144ska A, Wo\u0142oszyn N, Soza\u0144ski B, Wilmowska-Pietruszy\u0144ska A, Washburn R. Cultural adaptation and validation of the Polish version of the physical activity scale for older people living in a community: a cross-sectional study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2020;17(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11556-020-00252-8.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-26","volume":"13","author":"I Svege","year":"2012","unstructured":"Svege I, Kolle E, Risberg MA. Reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in patients with hip osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13(1):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-26.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.02.019","volume":"146","author":"LS Feldman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Feldman LS, Kaneva P, Demyttenaere S, Carli F, Fried GM, Mayo NE. Validation of a physical activity questionnaire (CHAMPS) as an indicator of postoperative recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery. 2009;146(1):31\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2009.02.019.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"2337_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1249\/01.Mss.0000084419.64044.2b","volume":"35","author":"K Resnicow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Resnicow K, Mccarty F, Blissett D, Wang T, Heitzler C, Lee RE. Validity of a modified CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire among African-Americans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(9):1537\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.Mss.0000084419.64044.2b.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2337_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10527","volume":"6","author":"LM Feehan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feehan LM, et al. Accuracy of Fitbit devices: systematic review and narrative syntheses of quantitative data. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018;6(8):e10527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/10527.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2337_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.10.010","volume":"59","author":"CK Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong CK, Mentis HM, Kuber R. The bit doesn\u2019t fit: evaluation of a commercial activity-tracker at slower walking speeds. Gait Posture. 2018;59:177\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.10.010.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2337_CR53","unstructured":"Elemind Technologies Inc., Time-targeted neurological interventions based on oscillatory phase. 2022. https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/16IehlDJ3xgTUxclp_E4lCjsVT5jiRHtJ\/view.\u00a0Accessed 17 Aug 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"2337_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.023","volume":"72","author":"B Rosin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosin B, et al. Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is superior in ameliorating parkinsonism. Neuron. 2011;72(2):370\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.023.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63385-1","volume":"14","author":"S Bressler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bressler S, Neely R, Yost RM, Wang D. A randomized controlled trial of alpha phase-locked auditory stimulation to treat symptoms of sleep onset insomnia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):13039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-63385-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2337_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/acfb3b","volume":"20","author":"S Bressler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bressler S, Neely R, Yost RM, Wang D, Read HL. A wearable EEG system for closed-loop neuromodulation of sleep-related oscillations. J Neural Eng. 2023;20(5):056030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/acfb3b.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"2337_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papalambros N.A., et al. Acoustic enhancement of sleep slow oscillations and concomitant memory improvement in older adults, (in English). Front Human Neurosci\u00a0Original Res vol. Volume 11 - 2017, 2017-March-08 2017.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00109.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00109"},{"issue":"17","key":"2337_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6630","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3133-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"H-VV Ngo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ngo H-VV, Miedema A, Faude I, Martinetz T, M\u00f6lle M, Born J. Driving sleep slow oscillations by auditory closed-loop stimulation\u2014a self-limiting process. J Neurosci. 2015;35(17):6630\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.3133-14.2015.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2337_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00088","author":"E Debellemaniere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Debellemaniere E, et al. Performance of an ambulatory dry-EEG device for auditory closed-loop stimulation of sleep slow oscillations in the home environment. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00088.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"21","key":"2337_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app112110221","volume":"11","author":"E van Lieshout-van Dal","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Lieshout-van Dal E, Snaphaan L, Bouwmeester S, de Kort Y, Bongers I. Testing a single-case experimental design to study dynamic light exposure in people with dementia living at home. Appl Sci Basel. 2021;11(21):10221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app112110221.","journal-title":"Appl Sci Basel"},{"issue":"11","key":"2337_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3180","volume":"78","author":"S Janelidze","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janelidze S, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 8 plasma amyloid-\u03b2 42\/40 assays in Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(11):1375\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3180.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2337_CR62","unstructured":"Quest Diagnostics Inc. Dementia: biomarkers for differential diagnosis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease assessment. Quest Diagnostics Inc. https:\/\/testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com\/test\/test-guides\/CF_Dementia\/dementia-biomarkers-for-differential-diagnosis-and-alzheimers-disease-assessment. Accessed 3 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2337_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.899080","volume":"13","author":"AA Seixas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seixas AA, Rajabli F, Pericak-Vance MA, Jean-Louis G, Harms RL, Tarnanas I. Associations of digital neuro-signatures with molecular and neuroimaging measures of brain resilience: the Altoida large cohort study. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:899080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.899080.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2337_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00470-z","volume":"4","author":"IB Meier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meier IB, Buegler M, Harms R, Seixas A, \u00c7\u00f6ltekin A, Tarnanas I. Using a digital neuro signature to measure longitudinal individual-level change in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the Altoida large cohort study. npj Digit Med. 2021;4(1):101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00470-z.","journal-title":"npj Digit Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2337_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.10.005","volume":"1","author":"I Tarnanas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tarnanas I, Tsolaki A, Wiederhold M, Wiederhold B, Tsolaki M. Five-year biomarker progression variability for Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia prediction: Can a complex instrumental activities of daily living marker fill in the gaps? Alzheimers Dement Diagn Assess Dis Monit. 2015;1(4):521\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.10.005.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement Diagn Assess Dis Monit"},{"key":"2337_CR66","unstructured":"Rodriguez\u00a0D. Altoida\u2019s AR-based digital cognitive and functional assessment correlates with standard neuropsychological tests in MCI and healthy volunteers. https:\/\/altoida.com\/blog\/altoidas-ar-based-digital-cognitive-and-functional-assessment-correlates-with-standard-neuropsychological-tests-in-mci-and-healthy-volunteers\/. Accessed 6 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2337_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00056","volume":"9","author":"AS Fisk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fisk AS, Tam SKE, Brown LA, Vyazovskiy VV, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. Light and cognition: roles for circadian rhythms, sleep, and arousal. Front Neurol. 2018;9:56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00056.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2337_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00109-w","volume":"20","author":"W Ruan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruan W, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK. Circadian rhythm as a therapeutic target. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(4):287\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41573-020-00109-w.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02337-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02337-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02337-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:02:41Z","timestamp":1790182961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02337-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02337-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}