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However, evidence linking RHR with cognitive outcomes is inconsistent, and most studies relied on single baseline measurements that may not capture cumulative exposure. This study examined the associations of baseline and longitudinally averaged RHR with cognitive decline and dementia in older adults. This was a secondary analysis of the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study, including 19,114 community-dwelling participants aged\u2009\u2265\u200965\u00a0years without cardiovascular disease or dementia at baseline. RHR was assessed at baseline and follow-up visits using an oscillometric device. Cognitive decline was defined as a decrease of\u2009&gt;\u20091.5 standard deviations from baseline performance in global cognition, episodic memory, psychomotor speed, or verbal fluency. Incident dementia was adjudicated using DSM-IV criteria. Compared with baseline RHR of 60\u201369\u00a0bpm, those with RHR\u2009\u2265\u200980\u00a0bpm had a 9% higher cognitive decline risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01\u20131.18). Five-year average RHR of 70\u201379\u00a0bpm and\u2009\u2265\u200980\u00a0bpm were associated with 10% (HR 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.19) and 16% (HR 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05\u20131.28) higher cognitive decline risks, respectively. No significant associations were observed with incident dementia. Higher RHR was associated with increased risk of cognitive decline among older adults. These findings suggest that elevated RHR may reflect age-related cardiovascular or autonomic physiological processes relevant to cognitive aging, supporting a role for late-life physiological dysregulation in cognitive trajectories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02364-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:05:05Z","timestamp":1782119105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resting heart rate and cognitive function in ageing: Insights from a secondary data analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yunrui","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aung Zaw Zaw","family":"Phyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne G.","family":"Orchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj C.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1140-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swarna","family":"Vishwanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2364_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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The ASPREE trial in Australia was approved by multiple Institutional Review Boards with primary ethics approval granted by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (CF07\/3730\u20132006\/745MC). In Australia, the ASPREE-XT study received ethics approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Alfred Health (HREC\/17\/Alfred\/198); The University of Tasmania (H0017149); Monash University (12771); ACT Health (ETH.3.18.037E); and The University of Adelaide (32802). Studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964, revised 2008), NHMRC Guidelines on Human Experimentation, the federal patient privacy (HIPAA) law and ICH-GCP and International Conference of Harmonization Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All individual participants of the ASPREE and ASPREE-XT studies, signed informed consent on participation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All authors gave their approval for submission.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent of publication"}},{"value":"No animals were used for this research. The study on humans was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 2008 revision, NHMRC Guidelines on Human Experimentation, the federal patient privacy (HIPAA) law, the International Conference of Harmonisation Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, and the Code of Federal Regulations. ASPREE also follows the Code of Federal Regulations as it relates to areas of clinical research. The overall management and conduct of the ASPREE clinical trial are the responsibility of the ASPREE Steering Committee.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"Dr. Raj C. Shah reports that, within the past two years, he has served as site principal investigator or sub-investigator for Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical trials for which his institution (Rush University Medical Center) received compensation from Athira Pharma, Inc., Annovis Bio, Inc., Edgewater NEXT, Eisai, Inc., and Genentech, Inc. He also reports a compensated scientific advisory board agreement with Lundbeck, Inc., and a non-compensated consultancy with Novo Nordisk regarding the diagnosis and management of dementia. These activities are not related to the work presented in this manuscript. All authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}