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In this context, adipokines and satiety signals are suggested to play a role in late life, but their association with the incidence of these outcomes remains unclear. Our study aimed to assess whether five selected plasma adipokines and satiety hormones (leptin, ghrelin, resistin, adipsin, and fibroblast growth factor-21) were associated with incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia in older adults at high cardiovascular risk in a nested case-control study within the PREDIMED trial (90 dementia cases [73 of which were Alzheimer\u2019s disease], 156 controls). Participants were at high cardiovascular disease risk but free from dementia at baseline. Associations with biomarkers were assessed using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Higher resistin levels were associated with higher incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the multivariable-adjusted model (per one SD increase: OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.38); additional adjustment for body mass index slightly attenuated the association (OR 1.52, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.34). Our findings should be replicated in larger prospective studies but suggest that, despite the complex association between anthropometric measures and the incidence of dementia, high levels of resistin were tentatively associated with greater odds of incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease in older adults at high cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02385-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:15:29Z","timestamp":1782954929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adipokines and satiety hormones and incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia in older adults: a nested case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8593-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Hern\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Hernando-Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Chillar\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Corella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Salas-Salvad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Estruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Timiraos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta H.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Cueto-Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Fiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Lapetra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00eds Serra","family":"Majem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Fanlo-Maresma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Alejandra","family":"P\u00e9rez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleix","family":"Sala-Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Asensio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Paz-Graniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Casta\u00f1er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251360221","volume":"107","author":"M Yin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yin M, Ding S, Zhao M, Liu J, Su W, Fu M, et al. 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Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:280\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02385-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02385-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02385-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:15:31Z","timestamp":1782954931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02385-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["2385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02385-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Hospital del\u202fMar Clinical Research Ethics Committee (ref.\u202f2017\/7482\/I). All participants provided written informed consent before joining the study. The PREDIMED protocol is registered at\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"E.R. reports personal fees, grants, and nonfinancial support from the California Walnut Commission and Alexion; fees and nonfinancial support from Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Arteriosclerosis and Fundaci\u00f3n Dieta Mediterr\u00e1nea; and nonfinancial support from the International Nut Council and Imperial College, London. J.S.-S. reports being a board member and personal fees from Instituto Danone Spain; being a board member and grants from the International Nut and Dried Fruit Foundation. A.S.-V. reports grants from the California Walnut Commission, as well as support to attend professional meetings. R.E. reports being a board member of the Research Foundation on Wine and Nutrition, the Beer and Health Foundation, and the European Foundation for Alcohol Research; personal fees from KAO Corporation; lecture fees from Instituto Cervantes, Fundaci\u00f3n Dieta Mediterr\u00e1nea, Cerveceros de Espa\u00f1a, Lilly Laboratories, AstraZeneca, and Sanofi; and grants from Novartis, Amgen, Bicentury, and Grand Fountaine. The rest of the authors have nothing to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Competing interests"}}]}}