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To examine how inter-individual differences in central auditory processing and cognitive capacities contribute to speech processing and lexical acquisition, we investigated the neural encoding and acquisition of novel words using phonetic stimuli as a proxy for speech processing abilities. These stimuli were presented at 80\u00a0dB SPL to minimize audibility-related confounds and ensure that differences in learning were not primarily driven by peripheral hearing sensitivity. Older adults with mild-to-moderate peripheral HL and signs of cognitive decline (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200921) completed an attentive listening and associative word learning task with Thai words while EEG was recorded, alongside comprehensive psychometric, audiometric, and auditory assessments. Neural markers of word learning were preserved in this population, as reflected in the N400 and late positive component (LPC) event-related potentials (ERPs), with LPC amplitudes predicting word learning performance. Multiple linear regression models controlling for age and HL examined whether sensory ERPs (P50, N100, P200), behavioral auditory-audiometric measures (OLSA, PTA 4000,\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    -primes for attentive listening), or cognitive variables (attention, language, memory, perception, executive function,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -back, Stroop) predicted learning outcomes. Age accounted for the largest proportion of variance in word learning performance. Sensory ERPs and cognitive measures also emerged as significant predictors, whereas, as expected given the high stimulus intensity, peripheral HL showed a non-significant effect. Larger N100 amplitudes explained variance in sensory ERP models, while executive functions were the strongest predictors in cognitive models. Superior word learning performance was associated with younger age, enhanced central auditory processing, and stronger executive functions. These findings indicate that central auditory processing and executive functions are key determinants of speech learning in older adults with mild-to-moderate peripheral HL and cognitive decline when audibility is controlled.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02401-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:03:48Z","timestamp":1784246628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Auditory and executive determinants of phonetic processing and lexical acquisition in older adults with mild hearing impairment and cognitive decline"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1721-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Elmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Giroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2401_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR, Vogel JW, Anderson KM, Adamson C,... 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This research was financially supported by Sonova AG. However, the funding organization had no role in the design of the experiments, the collection or analysis of data, or the interpretation of results, and the authors retained full independence in all aspects of the research process. The authors also affirm that the conclusions drawn in this study reflect their unbiased scientific judgment and were not affected by the interests of the funding source.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}