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We aimed to determine whether this training, delivered through a gamified eye-tracking task, is associated with differential effects on plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers, cognitive performance, and oculomotor signatures in individuals with MCI at differential risk of conversion to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Twenty-nine participants with MCI were stratified into MCI-HR (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200917) and MCI-LR (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912) based on validated MoCA and MoCA-MIS cut-off scores and completed 8 weeks of daily oculomotor training. Outcomes were assessed pre\/post using permutation tests, bootstrapped Hedges\u2019\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and linear mixed-effects models. Cognitive performance improved in both groups (MoCA:\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.27\u20132.17; MoCA-MIS:\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.02\u20131.68), with no between-group difference. Plasma tau diverged by stratum: MCI-LR showed reductions in pTau-181 (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.64, 95% CI [\u22121.07, \u22120.15]) and pTau-217 (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.72, 95% CI [\u22121.08, \u22120.36]), whereas MCI-HR showed an increase in pTau-181 (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.82, 95% CI [0.53, 1.16]; between-group\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.31, 95% CI [0.89, 1.78],\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Amyloid, GFAP, and NfL remained stable. MCI-HR showed reduced accuracy and increased reaction times (+196.4\u00a0ms,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); MCI-LR maintained stable performance. Oculomotor signatures diverged between strata post-training (group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time\u2009\u00d7\u2009stimulus interactions,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.013\u20130.045). In MCI-LR, oculomotor changes correlated with reductions in pTau-181 (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.60, 95% CI [\u22120.96, \u22120.20]) and pTau-217 (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.69, 95% CI [\u22120.95, \u22120.20]). Oculomotor training produced stratum-dependent responses: biomarker reductions and oculomotor-molecular coupling in MCI-LR, and dissociated physiological and behavioral outcomes in MCI-HR, suggesting disease-stage-specific neuroplasticity capacity linked to tau-related processes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02474-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:40:28Z","timestamp":1786560028000},"page":"7523-7544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attentionally directed oculomotor training produces disease-stage-dependent effects on plasma tau, cognition, and oculomotor signatures in patients with mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura P\u00e9rez","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Del Campo Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Blasco-Forni\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Torres-Torronteras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Calvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Mart\u00edn-Sobrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neus","family":"Falg\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Grau-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cristi-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Perone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9328-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Sup\u00e8r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2474_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201301","volume":"82","author":"EC Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez EC, Sierra-Marcos A, Romeo A, Hashemi A, Leonovych O, Bustos Valenzuela P, et al. 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