{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:13:15Z","timestamp":1788811995370,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG073152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG073152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AG086016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AG086016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (OAwMCI) fall 2\u2009\u00d7\u2009more than cognitively intact older adults (CIOA), possibly due to impaired reactive stepping. However, most studies in OAwMCI have focused on\n                    <jats:italic>slip-like<\/jats:italic>\n                    perturbations (backward loss of balance), rather than\n                    <jats:italic>trip-like<\/jats:italic>\n                    perturbations (forward loss of balance). This study examined reactive stepping strategies following a novel support surface perturbation during treadmill walking, and compared fall rate, margin of stability (MOS), step length, and trunk angle between OAwMCI and CIOA during unperturbed walking (i.e., pre-trip) and recovery stepping (i.e., post-trip). As an exploratory analysis, muscle synergies were also extracted from bilateral lower limb EMG data from perturbation onset to recovery touchdown. After trip onset, most participants took a lowering-like step with the swing limb, followed by a forward recovery step with the contralateral (43% CIOA, 58% OAwMCI) or ipsilateral limb (57% CIOA, 42% OAwMCI). Pre-trip outcomes were similar between groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05), and there was no significant difference in fall rate between OAwMCI (92%) and CIOA (78%). However, OAwMCI showed higher MOS at recovery touchdown compared to CIOA (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011) regardless of the limb used for reactive stepping. During both stepping strategies, 2\u20133 muscle synergies showed low structural similarity between OAwMCI and CIOA. These results indicate that reactive stepping responses in OAwMCI may be less effective for restoring COM stability after trip-like perturbations, potentially due to deficits in sensorimotor integration or selection\/execution of motor commands. Reactive balance deficits could potentially interfere with reactive stepping in multiple directions and contribute to increased fall risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02490-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T07:18:30Z","timestamp":1788765510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recovery strategies during trip-like support surface perturbations while walking in older adults with mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Pitts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanvi","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900016151","volume":"13","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Negash S. Mild cognitive impairment: an overview. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(1):45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852900016151.","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.03.013","volume":"32","author":"R Camicioli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Camicioli R, Majumdar SR. Relationship between mild cognitive impairment and falls in older people with and without Parkinson\u2019s disease: 1-year prospective cohort study. Gait Posture. 2010;32(1):87\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.03.013.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"18","key":"2490_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6718a1","volume":"67","author":"E Burns","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burns E, Kakara R. Deaths from falls among persons aged\u2265 65 years\u2014United States, 2007\u20132016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;67(18):509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6718a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2490_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070086","volume":"11","author":"H Luukinen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Luukinen H, et al. Fracture risk associated with a fall according to type of fall among the elderly. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:631\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001980070086.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2490_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/77.5.488","volume":"77","author":"BE Maki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maki BE, McIlroy WE. The role of limb movements in maintaining upright stance: the \u201cchange-in-support\u201d strategy. Phys Ther. 1997;77(5):488\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/77.5.488.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2490_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00034.2025","volume":"133","author":"J Pitts","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pitts J, et al. Dual task reactive balance control in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: does the cognitive task domain make a difference? J Neurophysiol. 2025;133(5):1476\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00034.2025.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2490_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2024.1384582","volume":"5","author":"L Kannan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kannan L, et al. Perturbation-based dual task assessment in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Front Rehabil Sci. 2024;5:1384582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fresc.2024.1384582.","journal-title":"Front Rehabil Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2490_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2021.00181","volume":"108","author":"L Kannan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kannan L, Bhatt T. Perturbation-based balance assessment: examining reactive balance control in older adults with mild cognitive impairments. Physiol Int. 2021;108(3):353\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2060.2021.00181.","journal-title":"Physiol Int"},{"key":"2490_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01910-4","author":"J Pitts","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pitts J, Wang S, Bhatt T. Neuromechanistic causes of timber falls in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: is response initiation or motor execution the problem? Geroscience. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01910-4.","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"2490_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.697169","volume":"3","author":"T Bhatt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhatt T, et al. Perturbation training for fall-risk reduction in healthy older adults: interference and generalization to opposing novel perturbations post intervention. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:697169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.697169.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"6","key":"2490_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00960.2009","volume":"103","author":"G Torres-Oviedo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torres-Oviedo G, Ting LH. Subject-specific muscle synergies in human balance control are consistent across different biomechanical contexts. J Neurophysiol. 2010;103(6):3084\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00960.2009.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2490_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.4.1939","volume":"80","author":"SM Henry","year":"1998","unstructured":"Henry SM, Fung J, Horak FB. EMG responses to maintain stance during multidirectional surface translations. J Neurophysiol. 1998;80(4):1939\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1998.80.4.1939.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2490_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2022.2146043","volume":"55","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang S, Bhatt T. Kinematic measures for recovery strategy identification following an obstacle-induced trip in gait. J Mot Behav. 2023;55(2):193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222895.2022.2146043.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2490_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.06.009","volume":"18","author":"MD Grabiner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grabiner MD, et al. Trunk kinematics and fall risk of older adults: translating biomechanical results to the clinic. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008;18(2):197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.06.009.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.09.022","volume":"45","author":"JR Crenshaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crenshaw JR, et al. The discriminant capabilities of stability measures, trunk kinematics, and step kinematics in classifying successful and failed compensatory stepping responses by young adults. J Biomech. 2012;45(1):129\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.09.022.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2490_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01118.2002","volume":"90","author":"Y-C Pai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pai Y-C, et al. Role of feedforward control of movement stability in reducing slip-related balance loss and falls among older adults. J Neurophysiol. 2003;90(2):755\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.01118.2002.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2490_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M494","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.5.M494","volume":"59","author":"MJ Pavol","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pavol MJ, Runtz EF, Pai Y-C. Young and older adults exhibit proactive and reactive adaptations to repeated slip exposure. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(5):M494\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/59.5.M494.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2490_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.159","volume":"67","author":"T Buracchio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buracchio T, et al. The trajectory of gait speed preceding mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(8):980\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2010.159.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2490_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0390-3","volume":"18","author":"S Boripuntakul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boripuntakul S, et al. Spatial variability during gait initiation while dual tasking is increased in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(3):307\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-013-0390-3.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-14-67","volume":"14","author":"T Doi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doi T, et al. Cognitive function and gait speed under normal and dual-task walking among older adults with mild cognitive impairment. BMC Neurol. 2014;14(1):67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-14-67.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3138\/1457-2411-V402-62L1","volume":"26","author":"D Morgan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morgan D, et al. The potential of gait analysis to contribute to differential diagnosis of early stage dementia: current research and future directions. Can J Aging. 2007;26(1):19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/1457-2411-V402-62L1.","journal-title":"Can J Aging"},{"key":"2490_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112836","volume":"189","author":"C Simpkins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simpkins C, et al. Examination of dynamic gait stability during overground walking in people with mild cognitive impairment. J Biomech. 2025;189:112836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112836.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210684","volume":"84","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamada Y, et al. Combining multimodal behavioral data of gait, speech, and drawing for classification of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;84(1):315\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-210684.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2490_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M428","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.7.M428","volume":"56","author":"MJ Pavol","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pavol MJ, et al. Mechanisms leading to a fall from an induced trip in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(7):M428\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/56.7.M428.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2490_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.009","volume":"47","author":"C Shirota","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shirota C, Simon AM, Kuiken TA. Trip recovery strategies following perturbations of variable duration. J Biomech. 2014;47(11):2679\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.009.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2490_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.4.2093","volume":"83","author":"A Schillings","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schillings A, et al. Muscular responses and movement strategies during stumbling over obstacles. J Neurophysiol. 2000;83(4):2093\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.2000.83.4.2093.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2490_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"24","key":"2490_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e1de","volume":"78","author":"H Dodge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dodge H, et al. In-home walking speeds and variability trajectories associated with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2012;78(24):1946\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e1de.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2490_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0394-4","volume":"17","author":"O Beauchet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beauchet O, et al. Gait variability at fast-pace walking speed: a biomarker of mild cognitive impairment? J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(3):235\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-012-0394-4.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2490_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01268-6","volume":"32","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. Effects of task-specific obstacle-induced trip-perturbation training: proactive and reactive adaptation to reduce fall-risk in community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32:893\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-019-01268-6.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2490_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.02.001","volume":"45","author":"T-Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang T-Y, et al. Adaptive control reduces trip-induced forward gait instability among young adults. J Biomech. 2012;45(7):1169\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.02.001.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"12","key":"2490_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.05.039","volume":"44","author":"F Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang F, Pai Y-C. Automatic recognition of falls in gait-slip training: harness load cell based criteria. J Biomech. 2011;44(12):2243\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.05.039.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.03.025","volume":"38","author":"A Hof","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hof A, Gazendam M, Sinke W. The condition for dynamic stability. J Biomech. 2005;38(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.03.025.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2490_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00699.2016","volume":"117","author":"A Sawers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sawers A, et al. Neuromuscular responses differ between slip-induced falls and recoveries in older adults. J Neurophysiol. 2017;117(2):509\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00699.2016.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94699-z","volume":"11","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Varas-Diaz G, Bhatt T. Muscle synergy differences between voluntary and reactive backward stepping. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):15462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-94699-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2490_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00048","volume":"7","author":"SA Chvatal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chvatal SA, Ting LH. Common muscle synergies for balance and walking. Front Comput Neurosci. 2013;7:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2013.00048.","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2490_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00237.2018","volume":"121","author":"AM Payne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Payne AM, Hajcak G, Ting LH. Dissociation of muscle and cortical response scaling to balance perturbation acceleration. J Neurophysiol. 2019;121(3):867\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00237.2018.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23051-w","volume":"12","author":"S Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang S, Pai Y-C, Bhatt T. Neuromuscular mechanisms of motor adaptation to repeated gait-slip perturbations in older adults. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):19851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-23051-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2490_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1101-2","volume":"184","author":"T Asaka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Asaka T, et al. Learning effects on muscle modes and multi-mode postural synergies. Exp Brain Res. 2008;184(3):323\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-007-1101-2.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2490_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00825.2009","volume":"103","author":"DJ Clark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clark DJ, et al. Merging of healthy motor modules predicts reduced locomotor performance and muscle coordination complexity post-stroke. J Neurophysiol. 2010;103(2):844\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00825.2009.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2490_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3485580","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang S, et al. Neuromuscular mechanisms of motor adaptation to repeated treadmill-slip perturbations during stance in healthy young adults. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3485580.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"2490_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00077-8","volume":"16","author":"TM Owings","year":"2001","unstructured":"Owings TM, Pavol MJ, Grabiner MD. Mechanisms of failed recovery following postural perturbations on a motorized treadmill mimic those associated with an actual forward trip. Clin Biomech. 2001;16(9):813\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00077-8.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"2490_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii12","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl078","volume":"35","author":"BE Maki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maki BE, McIlroy WE. Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention. Age Ageing. 2006;35(suppl_2):ii12\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afl078.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2490_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109334","volume":"96","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, et al. Slip-induced fall-risk assessment based on regular gait pattern in older adults. J Biomech. 2019;96:109334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109334.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"2490_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.06.013","volume":"32","author":"DD Espy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Espy DD, et al. Independent influence of gait speed and step length on stability and fall risk. Gait Posture. 2010;32(3):378\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.06.013.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"5","key":"2490_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.023","volume":"41","author":"R Best","year":"2008","unstructured":"Best R, Begg R. A method for calculating the probability of tripping while walking. J Biomech. 2008;41(5):1147\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.023.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"10","key":"2490_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276658","volume":"17","author":"S Boripuntakul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boripuntakul S, et al. Gait variability during abrupt slow and fast speed transitions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0276658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0276658.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2490_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls224","volume":"68","author":"KL Martin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin KL, et al. Cognitive function, gait, and gait variability in older people: a population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(6):726\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/gls224.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.08.022","volume":"35","author":"T IJmker","year":"2012","unstructured":"IJmker T, Lamoth CJ. Gait and cognition: the relationship between gait stability and variability with executive function in persons with and without dementia. Gait Posture. 2012;35(1):126\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.08.022.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2490_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1125114","volume":"15","author":"JR Mahoney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahoney JR, et al. Visual-somatosensory integration (VSI) as a novel marker of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a comprehensive overview of the VSI study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1125114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1125114.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2490_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz117","volume":"75","author":"JR Mahoney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahoney JR, Verghese J. Does cognitive impairment influence visual-somatosensory integration and mobility in older adults? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75(3):581\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glz117.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2490_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.020","volume":"74","author":"Q Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian Q, et al. The brain map of gait variability in aging, cognitive impairment and dementia\u2014a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74:149\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.020.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2490_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0657-0","volume":"114","author":"J Jacobs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobs J, Horak F. Cortical control of postural responses. J Neural Transm. 2007;114(10):1339\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-007-0657-0.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230848","volume":"82","author":"FB Horak","year":"1990","unstructured":"Horak FB, Nashner LM, Diener H. Postural strategies associated with somatosensory and vestibular loss. Exp Brain Res. 1990;82(1):167\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00230848.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00243226","volume":"101","author":"JT Inglis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Inglis JT, et al. The importance of somatosensory information in triggering and scaling automatic postural responses in humans. Exp Brain Res. 1994;101(1):159\u201364.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2490_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000362","volume":"26","author":"JH Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee JH, et al. Brainstem morphological changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuroreport. 2015;26(7):411\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000362.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"2","key":"2490_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190385","volume":"70","author":"F D\u2019Antonio","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio F, et al. Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold in patients with cognitive disorders. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;70(2):425\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-190385.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2490_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136699","volume":"783","author":"L Kannan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kannan L, et al. Association of balance control mechanisms with brain structural integrity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett. 2022;783:136699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136699.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2490_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.645171","volume":"12","author":"F Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang F, et al. Differences changes in cerebellar functional connectivity between mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a seed-based approach. Front Neurol. 2021;12:645171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.645171.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2490_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.12.002","volume":"42","author":"PA Thomann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomann PA, et al. The cerebellum in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2013a structural MRI study. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42(14):1198\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.12.002.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2490_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1041434","volume":"14","author":"L Kannan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kannan L, Bhatt T, Ajilore O. Cerebello-cortical functional connectivity may regulate reactive balance control in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1041434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1041434.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2490_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01360.2006","volume":"98","author":"G Torres-Oviedo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torres-Oviedo G, Ting LH. Muscle synergies characterizing human postural responses. J Neurophysiol. 2007;98(4):2144\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.01360.2006.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1701-16","volume":"17","author":"S Safavynia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Safavynia S, Torres-Oviedo G, Ting L. Muscle synergies: implications for clinical evaluation and rehabilitation of movement. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2011;17(1):16\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1310\/sci1701-16.","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"2490_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.01.002","volume":"17","author":"LH Ting","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ting LH, McKay JL. Neuromechanics of muscle synergies for posture and movement. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007;17(6):622\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2008.01.002.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2490_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00051","volume":"7","author":"E Bizzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bizzi E, Cheung VC. The neural origin of muscle synergies. Front Comput Neurosci. 2013;7:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2013.00051.","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2490_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.2.479","volume":"72","author":"F Horak","year":"1994","unstructured":"Horak F, Diener H. Cerebellar control of postural scaling and central set in stance. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72(2):479\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1994.72.2.479.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2490_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.4.841","volume":"62","author":"FB Horak","year":"1989","unstructured":"Horak FB, Diener H, Nashner L. Influence of central set on human postural responses. J Neurophysiol. 1989;62(4):841\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1989.62.4.841.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2490_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001299","volume":"18","author":"SD Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han SD, et al. Functional connectivity variations in mild cognitive impairment: associations with cognitive function. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(1):39\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617711001299.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2490_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200187","volume":"77","author":"S Dutt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dutt S, et al. Brainstem volumetric integrity in preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;77(4):1579\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-200187.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2490_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.702320","volume":"3","author":"PY Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song PY, et al. Perturbation-based balance training using repeated trips on a walkway vs. belt accelerations on a treadmill: a cross-over randomised controlled trial in community-dwelling older adults. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:702320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.702320.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"4","key":"2490_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2810859","volume":"26","author":"P Kieliba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kieliba P, et al. How are muscle synergies affected by electromyography pre-processing? IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018;26(4):882\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2810859.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02490-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02490-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02490-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:01:57Z","timestamp":1788811317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02490-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["2490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02490-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}