{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:01:30Z","timestamp":1789776090676,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0030zas98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-026-02534-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:14:27Z","timestamp":1789766067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The choice stepping reaction task: how prefrontal network topology reconfigures in aging and dementia"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jae Q. J.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine C.","family":"Menant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daina L.","family":"Sturnieks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Kiu","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pui Man","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Chun","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Long","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiu Lok","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne L. S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2534_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-025-00275-4","volume":"11","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, Dai F, Huang S, Qi D, Peng C, Zhang A, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of falls among older adults: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and projections to 2040. NPJ Aging. 2021;11(1):85.","journal-title":"NPJ Aging"},{"key":"2534_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20900\/agmr20240002","author":"C Simpkins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simpkins C, Khalili SM, Yang F. Meta-analysis-based comparison of annual fall risk between older adults with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Adv Geriatr Med Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20900\/agmr20240002.","journal-title":"Adv Geriatr Med Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2534_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad130","volume":"78","author":"Y Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai Y, Leveille SG, Andreeva O, Shi L, Chen P, You T. Characterizing fall circumstances in community-dwelling older adults: a mixed methods approach. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023;78(9):1683\u201391.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2534_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M627","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.10.M627","volume":"56","author":"SR Lord","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lord SR, Fitzpatrick RC. Choice stepping reaction time: a composite measure of falls risk in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(10):M627\u201332.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2534_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp200","volume":"39","author":"M Pijnappels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pijnappels M, Delbaere K, Sturnieks D, Lord S. The association between choice stepping reaction time and falls in older adults-a path analysis model. Age Ageing. 2010;39:99\u2013104.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"12","key":"2534_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70021","volume":"39","author":"WLS Chan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chan WLS, Tsang SMH, Ho LYW. Reliability and validity of four step tests in older adults with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2024;39(12):e70021.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2534_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003421","volume":"88","author":"J Verghese","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verghese J, Wang C, Ayers E, Izzetoglu M, Holtzer R. Brain activation in high-functioning older adults and falls: prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2017;88(2):191\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2534_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01211-x","volume":"20","author":"CY Baek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baek CY, Kim HD, Yoo DY, Kang KY, Lee JW. Change in activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex in different phases during the dual-task walking in older adults. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2023;20(1):86.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2534_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00570.x","volume":"17","author":"PA Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reuter-Lorenz PA, Cappell KA. Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008;17(3):177\u201382.","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2534_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121675","author":"C Tung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tung C, Lord SR, Pelicioni PHS, Sturnieks DL, Menant JCC. Prefrontal and motor planning cortical activity during stepping tasks is related to task complexity but not concern about falling in older people: a fNIRS study. Brain Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13121675.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2534_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320969943","volume":"34","author":"PHS Pelicioni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelicioni PHS, Lord SR, Okubo Y, Sturnieks DL, Menant JC. People with Parkinson\u2019s disease exhibit reduced cognitive and motor cortical activity when undertaking complex stepping tasks requiring inhibitory control. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2020;34(12):1088\u201398.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"3","key":"2534_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2575","volume":"10","author":"E Bullmore","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bullmore E, Sporns O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10(3):186\u201398.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2534_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-02059-w","author":"M Ye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ye M, Xia H, Song T, Liu Z, Chen A. Age-related degradation of cerebellar functional network topology. Geroscience. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02059-w.","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"2534_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.11.004","volume":"7","author":"M Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao M, Wang J-H, Dai Z-J, Cao X-Y, Jiang L-L, Fan F-M, et al. Topological organization of the human brain functional connectome across the lifespan. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2014;7:76\u201393.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2534_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106174","volume":"174","author":"W Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu W, Zuo C, Chen L, Lan H, Luo C, Li X, et al. The whole-brain structural and functional connectome in Alzheimer\u2019s disease spectrum: a multimodal Bayesian meta-analysis of graph theoretical characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025;174:106174.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2534_CR16","first-page":"2489","volume":"30","author":"KC Lopez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lopez KC, Kandala S, Marek S, Barch DM. Development of network topology and functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex. Cerebral cortex (New York, NY\u202f: 1991). 1991;30(4):2489\u2013505.","journal-title":"Cerebral cortex (New York, NY : 1991)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2534_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09455-3","volume":"31","author":"MK Yeung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yeung MK, Chan AS. A systematic review of the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy to the study of cerebral hemodynamics in healthy aging. Neuropsychol Rev. 2021;31(1):139\u201366.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2534_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101992","volume":"90","author":"E Butters","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butters E, Srinivasan S, O\u2019Brien JT, Su L, Bale G. A promising tool to explore functional impairment in neurodegeneration: a systematic review of near-infrared spectroscopy in dementia. Ageing Res Rev. 2023;90:101992.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2534_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21247","volume":"33","author":"G Vingerhoets","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vingerhoets G, Acke F, Alderweireldt AS, Nys J, Vandemaele P, Achten E. Cerebral lateralization of praxis in right- and left-handedness: same pattern, different strength. Hum Brain Mapp. 2012;33(4):763\u201377.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2534_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121578","volume":"323","author":"J Bonnal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bonnal J, Pila O, Papin C, Lebkowski L, Sarrazin M, Bravo R, et al. Handedness and task demands modulate motor cortex lateralization: a cross-sectional fNIRS study. Neuroimage. 2025;323:121578.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2534_CR21","first-page":"125","volume-title":"The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences","author":"C Sarmiento","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarmiento C, Lau C. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed.: DSM-5. In: The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. 2020. p. 125\u20139."},{"key":"2534_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S269243","volume":"16","author":"PY Yeung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeung PY, Wong LLL, Chan CC, Yung CY, Leung LMJ, Tam YY, et al. Montreal cognitive assessment - single cutoff achieves screening purpose. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:2681\u20137.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"2534_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000399","volume":"34","author":"IMY Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan IMY, Lau MS, Mak SC, Hariman KW, Hon SKH, Ching WK, et al. Staging of dementia severity with the Hong Kong version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA)\u2019s. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2020;34(4):333\u20138.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2534_CR24","first-page":"504","volume":"20","author":"PY Yeung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yeung PY, Wong LL, Chan CC, Leung JL, Yung CY. A validation study of the Hong Kong version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in Chinese older adults in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2014;20(6):504\u201310.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2534_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160248","volume":"53","author":"J Feeney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feeney J, Savva GM, O\u2019Regan C, King-Kallimanis B, Cronin H, Kenny RA. Measurement error, reliability, and minimum detectable change in the Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Color Trails Test among community living middle-aged and older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;53(3):1107\u201314.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2534_CR26","volume-title":"Color trails test","author":"LF D'Elia","year":"1996","unstructured":"D\u2019Elia LF, Satz P, Uchiyama CL, White T. Color trails test. Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1996."},{"issue":"11","key":"2534_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515613422","volume":"30","author":"K Delbaere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delbaere K, Gschwind YJ, Sherrington C, Barraclough E, Garru\u00e9s-Irisarri MA, Lord SR. Validity and reliability of a simple \u2018low-tech\u2019 test for measuring choice stepping reaction time in older people. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30(11):1128\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2534_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M429","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.8.M429","volume":"55","author":"JL Medell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Medell JL, Alexander NB. A clinical measure of maximal and rapid stepping in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(8):M429\u201333.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2534_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)61264-3","volume":"88","author":"MJ Watson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Watson MJ. Refining the ten-metre walking test for use with neurologically impaired people. Physiotherapy. 2002;88(7):386\u201397.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2534_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.070","volume":"85","author":"KL Koenraadt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koenraadt KL, Roelofsen EG, Duysens J, Keijsers NL. Cortical control of normal gait and precision stepping: an fNIRS study. Neuroimage. 2014;85(Pt 1):415\u201322.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2534_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121130","volume":"310","author":"Z Pu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pu Z, Huang H, Li M, Li H, Shen X, Du L, et al. Screening tools for subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment based on task-state prefrontal functional connectivity: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroimage. 2025;310:121130.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2534_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13948","volume":"1464","author":"P Pinti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinti P, Tachtsidis I, Hamilton A, Hirsch J, Aichelburg C, Gilbert S, et al. The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1464(1):5\u201329.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2534_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061668","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1061668","volume":"16","author":"HO Keles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keles HO, Karakulak EZ, Hanoglu L, Omurtag A. Screening for Alzheimer\u2019s disease using prefrontal resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16:1061668.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2534_CR34","first-page":"371","volume":"10","author":"HH Jasper","year":"1958","unstructured":"Jasper HH. Ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958;10:371\u20135.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2534_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005151","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Qiu L, Sun Y, Huang C, Li T. Optimal hemoglobin extinction coefficient data set for near-infrared spectroscopy. Biomed Opt Express. 2017;8(11):5151\u20139.","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"2534_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100943","volume":"48","author":"J Gemignani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gemignani J, Gervain J. Comparing different pre-processing routines for infant fNIRS data. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2021;48:100943.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2534_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01465-z","volume":"21","author":"Q Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Q, Yeung MK, Fong KNK, Chien CW. Cortical activity during online motor control in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: a cross-sectional functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2024;21(1):160.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"22","key":"2534_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11157","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad354","volume":"33","author":"DT Le","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le DT, Tsuyuhara M, Kuwamura H, Kitano K, Nguyen TD, Duc Nguyen T, et al. Regional activity and effective connectivity within the frontoparietal network during precision walking with visual cueing: an fNIRS study. Cereb Cortex. 2023;33(22):11157\u201369.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2534_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00386","volume":"9","author":"J Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang J, Wang X, Xia M, Liao X, Evans A, He Y. GRETNA: a graph theoretical network analysis toolbox for imaging connectomics. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:386.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2534_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.04.166","volume":"384","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J, Hu Y, Zong B, Wang S, Zheng Y, Guo D, et al. Functional characteristics of the frontal cortex during the verbal fluency task in subthreshold depression: a fNIRS study. J Affect Disord. 2025;384:144\u201350.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2534_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116443","volume":"211","author":"CR Buchanan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchanan CR, Bastin ME, Ritchie SJ, Liewald DC, Madole JW, Tucker-Drob EM, et al. The effect of network thresholding and weighting on structural brain networks in the UK Biobank. Neuroimage. 2020;211:116443.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"8","key":"2534_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0322-2","volume":"21","author":"L Kaplan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaplan L, Chow BW, Gu C. Neuronal regulation of the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020;21(8):416\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2534_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04891-w","volume":"122","author":"SA Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan SA, Bonetti LV, Kasawara KT, Beal DS, Rozenberg D, Reid WD. Decreased automaticity contributes to dual task decrements in older compared to younger adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122(4):965\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2534_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120714","volume":"297","author":"H Miura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miura H, Ono Y, Suzuki T, Ogihara Y, Imai Y, Watanabe A, et al. Regional brain activity and neural network changes in cognitive-motor dual-task interference: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroimage. 2024;297:120714.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2534_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.16.3.609","volume":"16","author":"M-A Vanderhasselt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vanderhasselt M-A, De Raedt R, Baeken C. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Stroop performance: tackling the lateralization. Psychon Bull Rev. 2009;16(3):609\u201312.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2534_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117279","volume":"222","author":"MA Friehs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Friehs MA, Klaus J, Singh T, Frings C, Hartwigsen G. Perturbation of the right prefrontal cortex disrupts interference control. Neuroimage. 2020;222:117279.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2534_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44400-025-00018-y","volume":"1","author":"J Dubois","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dubois J, Duffy JG, Field RM, Koch EM, M. Aghajan Z, Miller N, et al. A functional neuroimaging biomarker of mild cognitive impairment using TD-fNIRS. npj Dementia. 2025;1(1):14.","journal-title":"npj Dementia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2534_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9270-9","volume":"24","author":"PA Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reuter-Lorenz PA, Park DC. How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychol Rev. 2014;24(3):355\u201370.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2534_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656","volume":"60","author":"DC Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park DC, Reuter-Lorenz P. The adaptive brain: aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:173\u201396.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2534_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02739-0","volume":"30","author":"DL Sturnieks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sturnieks DL, Hicks C, Smith N, Ratanapongleka M, Menant J, Turner J, et al. Exergame and cognitive training for preventing falls in community-dwelling older people: a randomized controlled trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(1):98\u2013105.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2534_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.10.211","volume":"14","author":"A Iordan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iordan A, Ryan S, Tyszkowski T, Peltier S, Rahman-Filipiak A, Hampstead B. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation enhances network segregation during spatial navigation in mild cognitive impairment. Brain Stimul. 2021;14(6):1654\u20135.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"2534_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.04.012","volume":"18","author":"S Aghamoosa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aghamoosa S, Nolin SA, Chen AA, Caulfield KA, Lopez J, Rbeiz K, et al. Accelerated iTBS-induced changes in resting-state functional connectivity correspond with cognitive improvement in amnestic MCI. Brain Stimul. 2025;18(3):957\u201364.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02534-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02534-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02534-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:02:35Z","timestamp":1789772555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02534-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["2534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-026-02534-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board Human Research Ethics Committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (registration number HSEARS20230406003), and the procedures followed were in accordance with institutional guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant and his\/her legal caregiver before enrollment.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}