{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:48:27Z","timestamp":1787791707119,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Behav Health Serv Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-020-09703-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T16:04:08Z","timestamp":1588176248000},"page":"464-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Incarceration as a Reason for US Alcohol and Drug Treatment Non-completion: a Multilevel Analysis of Racial\/Ethnic and Sex Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Pro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Sahker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9703_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.003","volume":"78","author":"R Mojtabai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mojtabai R. Use of specialty substance abuse and mental health services in adults with substance use disorders in the community. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005;78(3):345-354.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence."},{"key":"9703_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.010","volume":"140","author":"AA Alvanzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alvanzo AA, Storr CL, Mojtabai R, et al. Gender and race\/ethnicity differences for initiation of alcohol-related service use among persons with alcohol dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2014;140:48-55.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence."},{"issue":"8","key":"9703_CR3","first-page":"1485","volume":"35","author":"K Chartier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chartier K, Caetano R. Trends in alcohol services utilization from 1991-1992 to 2001-2002: ethnic group differences in the U.S. population. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2011;35(8):1485-1497.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research."},{"issue":"6","key":"9703_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.603","volume":"62","author":"PS Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang PS, Berglund P, Olfson M, et al. Failure and delay in initial treatment contact after first onset of mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):603-613.","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry."},{"issue":"8","key":"9703_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12500","volume":"38","author":"S Zemore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zemore S, Murphy R, Mulia N, et al. A moderating role for gender in racial\/ethnic disparities in alcohol services utilization: Results from the 2000 to 2010 National Alcohol Surveys. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2014;38(8):2286-2296.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research."},{"issue":"4","key":"9703_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.09.004","volume":"32","author":"AT McLellan","year":"2007","unstructured":"McLellan AT, Chalk M, Bartlett J. Outcomes, performance, and quality: what\u2019s the difference? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2007;32(4):331-340.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"key":"9703_CR7","unstructured":"McVay D, Schiraldi V, Ziedenberg J. Treatment or Incarceration? National and State Findings on the Efficacy and Cost Savings of Drug Treatment versus Imprisonment. Washington, D.C.: Justice Policy Institute;2004."},{"key":"9703_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00050-3","volume":"25","author":"The TOPPS-II Interstate Cooperative Study Group","year":"2003","unstructured":"The TOPPS-II Interstate Cooperative Study Group. Drug treatment completion and post-discharge employment in the TOPPS-II Interstate Cooperative Study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2003;25:9-18.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"issue":"3","key":"9703_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260703700307","volume":"37","author":"B Huebner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huebner B, Cobbina J. The effect of drug use, drug treatment participation, and treatment completion on probationer recidivism. Journal of Drug Issues. 2007;37(3):619-641.","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues."},{"issue":"4","key":"9703_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(02)00273-8","volume":"23","author":"G Zarkin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zarkin G, Dunlap L, Bray J, et al. The effect of treatment completion and length of stay on employment and crime in outpatient drug-free treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002;23(4):261-271.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"issue":"3","key":"9703_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.015","volume":"132","author":"S Arndt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arndt S, Acion L, White K. How the states stack up: Disparities in substance abuse outpatient treatment completion rates for minorities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2013;132(3):547-554.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence."},{"key":"9703_CR12","unstructured":"SAMHSA. Behavioral Health Treatments and Services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"9703_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0983","volume":"32","author":"B Saloner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saloner B, Le Cook B. Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than whites to complete addiction treatment, largely due to socioeconomic factors. Health Affairs. 2013;32(1):135-145.","journal-title":"Health Affairs."},{"issue":"11","key":"9703_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00515.x","volume":"31","author":"RN Bluthenthal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bluthenthal RN, Jacobson JO, Robinson PL. Are racial disparities in alcohol treatment completion associated with racial differences in treatment modality entry? Comparison of outpatient treatment and residential treatment in Los Angeles County, 1998 to 2000. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2007;31(11):1920-1926.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research."},{"issue":"2","key":"9703_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2006.00612.x","volume":"42","author":"JO Jacobson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobson JO, Robinson PL, Bluthenthal RN. Racial disparities in completion rates from publicly funded alcohol treatment: economic resources explain more than demographics and addiction severity. Health Services Research. 2007;42(2):773-794.","journal-title":"Health Services Research."},{"issue":"4","key":"9703_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.05.028","volume":"38","author":"CI Campbell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Campbell CI, Weisner C, Sterling S. Adolescents entering chemical dependency treatment in private managed care: ethnic differences in treatment initiation and retention. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006;38(4):343-350.","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"9703_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12031","volume":"48","author":"EG Guerrero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guerrero EG, Marsh JC, Duan L, et al. Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups. Health Services Research. 2013;48(4):1450-1467.","journal-title":"Health Services Research."},{"key":"9703_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.12.007","volume":"63","author":"J Mennis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mennis J, Stahler GJ. Racial and ethnic disparities in outpatient substance use disorder treatment episode completion for different substances. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2016;63:25-33.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"issue":"11","key":"9703_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400160","volume":"66","author":"MS Schuler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schuler MS, Puttaiah S, Mojtabai R, et al. Perceived barriers to treatment for alcohol problems: A latent class analysis. Psychiatric Services. 2015;66(11):1221-1228.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services."},{"key":"9703_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.12.013","volume":"75","author":"A Verissimo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verissimo A, Grella C. Influence of gender and race\/ethnicity on perceived barriers to help-seeking for alcohol or drug problems. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2017;75:54-61.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"issue":"4","key":"9703_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13965","volume":"43","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gilbert P, Pro G, Zemore S, et al. Gender differences in use of alcohol treatment services and reasons for nonuse in a national sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2019;43(4):722-731.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research."},{"key":"9703_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2010.00173.x","volume":"29","author":"L Brener","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brener L, Hippel W, Hippel C, et al. Perceptions of discriminatory treatment by staff as predictors of drug treatment completion: Utility of a mixed methods approach. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2010;29:491-497.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review."},{"key":"9703_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120014424","volume":"37","author":"C Butzin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Butzin C, Saum C, Scarpitti F. Factors associated with completion of a drug treatment court diversion program. Substance Use and Misuse. 2009;37:1615-1163.","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse."},{"issue":"3","key":"9703_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2008.12.003","volume":"32","author":"E Evans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Evans E, Li L, Hser Y-I. Client and program factors associated with dropout from court mandated drug treatment. Evaluation and Program Planning. 2009;32(3):204-212.","journal-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning."},{"key":"9703_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000080673.83739.F3","volume":"27","author":"S Tonigan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tonigan S. Project MATCH treatment participation and outcome by self-reported ethnicity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003;27:1340-1344.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research."},{"issue":"4","key":"9703_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00188-0","volume":"25","author":"K Beardsley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beardsley K, Wish E, Firzele D, et al. Distance traveled to outpatient drug treatment and client retention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2003;25(4):279-285.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"issue":"1","key":"9703_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-012-9299-6","volume":"40","author":"S Benavides-Vaello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benavides-Vaello S, Strode A, Sheeran B. Using technology in the delivery of mental health and substance abuse treatment in rural communities: A Review. Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research. 2013;40(1):111-120.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research."},{"key":"9703_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.08.032","volume":"64","author":"J Jacobson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobson J, Robinson P, Bluthenthal R. A multilevel decomposition approach to estimate the role of program location and neighborhood disadvantage in racial disparities in alcohol treatment completion. Social Science & Medicine. 2007;64:462-476.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine."},{"issue":"11","key":"9703_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.090662","volume":"63","author":"IA Binswanger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Binswanger IA, Krueger PM, Steiner JF. Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2009;63(11):912-919.","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"9703_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2013.0000","volume":"24","author":"D Dumont","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dumont D, Allen S, Brockmann B, et al. Incarceration, community health, and racial disparities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2013;24(1):78-88.","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved."},{"key":"9703_CR31","unstructured":"Gao G. The Black-White Gap in Incarceration Rates. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center;2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"9703_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650804900105","volume":"49","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Massoglia M. Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2008;49(1):56-71.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior."},{"key":"9703_CR33","unstructured":"Rabuy B, Kopf D. Prisons of Poverty: Uncovering the Pre-Incarceration Incomes of the Imprisoned. Northampton: Prison Policy Initiative;2015."},{"key":"9703_CR34","volume-title":"Race and Punishment: Racial Perceptions of Crime and Support for Punitive Policies","author":"N Ghandnoosh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghandnoosh N, Lewis C. Race and Punishment: Racial Perceptions of Crime and Support for Punitive Policies. Washington D.C.: The Sentencing Project;2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"9703_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-014-0617-6","volume":"43","author":"E Guerrero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guerrero E, Aarons G, Grella C, et al. Program capacity to eliminate outcome disparities in addiction health services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2016;43(1):23-35.","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health."},{"key":"9703_CR36","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive. Treatment Episode Data Set: Discharges (TEDS-D). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Episode Data Set: Discharges (TEDS-D). Rockville, MD. 2018."},{"key":"9703_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.04.006","volume":"48","author":"E Sahker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahker E, Toussaint MN, Ramirez M, et al. Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment. Addictive Behaviors. 2015;48:25-29.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors."},{"key":"9703_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.009","volume":"178","author":"N Krawczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krawczyk N, Feder KA, Fingerhood MI, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder in a U.S. national sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2017;178:512-518.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence."},{"key":"9703_CR39","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 2013;Cary, NC."},{"key":"9703_CR40","unstructured":"Ene M, Leighton E, Blue G, et al. Multilevel Models for Categorical Data using SAS PROC GLIMMIX: The Basics. Dallas, TX: SAS Global Forum 2015;2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"9703_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5893.2008.00342.x","volume":"42","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Massoglia M. Incarceration, Health, and Racial Disparities in Health. Law & Society Review. 2008;42(2):275-306.","journal-title":"Law & Society Review."},{"key":"9703_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.05.011","volume":"3","author":"K Nowotny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nowotny K, Rogers RG, Boardman JD. Racial disparities in health conditions among prisoners compared with the general population. SSM - Population Health. 2017;3:487-496.","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health."},{"key":"9703_CR43","unstructured":"Travis J, Western B, Redburn S. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. National Research Council, Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C. 2014."},{"key":"9703_CR44","unstructured":"Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. Behind Bars II: Substance Abuse and America\u2019s Prison Population. New York, NY: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. 2010."},{"key":"9703_CR45","first-page":"463","volume":"20","author":"M O\u2019Hear","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Hear M. Rethinking drug courts: Restorative justice as a response to racial injustice. Stanford Law & Policy Review. 2009;20:463-499.","journal-title":"Stanford Law & Policy Review."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Behavioral Health Services &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11414-020-09703-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11414-020-09703-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11414-020-09703-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:52:33Z","timestamp":1619657553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11414-020-09703-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-020-09703-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-3412","1556-3308"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-3412","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-3308","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}