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SCs use has been particularly associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the pathogenesis of SCs-induced AKI is not well-understood.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We investigated the nephrotoxic effect of acute administration of N-[(1S)- 1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINKA) (3\u00a0mg\/kg for 5\u00a0days) in mice. Various parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis have been quantified. The expressions of mitochondrial complexes (I\u2013V) in renal tissues were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our findings showed that AB-FUBINACA induced substantial impairment in the renal function that is accompanied by elevated expression of renal tubular damage markers; KIM-1 and NGAL. Administration of AB-FUBINACA was found to be associated with a significant increase in the expression of oxidative stress markers (iNOS, NOX4, NOX2, NOS3) and the level of lipid peroxidation in the kidney. The expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-alpha, NF-kB) was also enhanced following exposure to AB-FUBINACA. These findings were also correlated with increased expression of major apoptosis regulatory markers (Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3) and reduced expression of mitochondrial complexes I, III, and IV.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results indicate that AB-FUBINACA can trigger oxidative stress and inflammation, and activate caspase-dependent apoptosis in the kidney, with these processes being possibly linked to disruption of mitochondrial complexes and could be an underlying mechanism of SCs-induced nephrotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-024-00699-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T13:02:01Z","timestamp":1723208521000},"page":"86-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In vivo assessment of the nephrotoxic effects of the synthetic cannabinoid AB-FUBINACA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ayman","family":"Alzu\u2019bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ejlal","family":"Abu-El-Rub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahaa","family":"Al-Trad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiba","family":"Alzoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeel","family":"Abu-El-Rub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dima","family":"Albals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal T.","family":"Abdelhady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor S.","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Almazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raed M.","family":"Al-Zoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"699_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005","volume":"144","author":"MS Castaneto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL, Pirard S, Huestis MA (2014) Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. 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