{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:37:59Z","timestamp":1785299879061,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cukurova University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The analysis of drug residues on some currencies is well-established in the literature. However, there is no published study describing the presence of drug residues on Turkish paper currency.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study focused on the analysis of 14 drug residues present on 600 Turkish banknotes collected from three different cities: Ankara, Adana, and Istanbul. The banknotes underwent preparation by a non-destructive and straightforward extraction method using methanol. To investigate the extent of contamination a method was subsequently developed and validated for liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis to detect and quantify the target analytes. The investigated substances included benzoylecgonine, cocaine, heroin, codeine, morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM), amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA), methyl 3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)butanoate (MDMB-4EN-PINACA), N-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), pregabalin, ketamine, and tramadol.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The calculated mean concentrations per note were 475.5\u00a0ng cocaine, 660.7\u00a0ng methamphetamine, 220.4\u00a0ng benzoylecgonine, 36.5\u00a0ng ketamine, 46.0\u00a0ng amphetamine, 120.6\u00a0ng 6-AM, 22.9\u00a0ng morphine, 6.3\u00a0ng codeine, 107.4\u00a0ng THC, 1.3\u00a0ng MDMB-4en-PINACA, 1.1\u00a0ng ADB-BUTINACA and 65.9\u00a0ng MDMA. Our findings indicate that banknotes commonly circulated in the three cities were primarily contaminated with methamphetamine and cocaine.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study highlights the prevalence of drug residues on banknotes and raises concerns about their potential impact. The contamination of Turkish currency with drug residues is a strong indication of the widespread use of banknotes in drug trafficking.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-025-00711-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T15:47:57Z","timestamp":1738252077000},"page":"217-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection and quantification of drugs on banknotes by LC\u2013MS\/MS with a fast and non-destructive sample preparation: a comparison of three cities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6ksun","family":"Demirel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeter","family":"Erol \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oya","family":"Yeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u0131z\u0131r","family":"Asl\u0131y\u00fcksek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"711_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report. https:\/\/wdr.unodc.org\/wdr2019\/. Accessed 14 Jan 2024"},{"key":"711_CR2","unstructured":"(2023) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/unodc-world-drug-report-2023-enarruzh. Accessed 14 Jan 2024"},{"key":"711_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116164","volume":"184","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Mao K, Du W, Cai M, Zhang Z, Li X (2020) Diluted concentrations of methamphetamine in surface water induce behavior disorder, transgenerational toxicity, and ecosystem-level consequences of fish. Water Res 184:116164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116164","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"711_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.037","volume":"206","author":"K Wimmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wimmer K, Schneider S (2011) Screening for illicit drugs on Euro banknotes by LC-MS\/MS. Forensic Sci Int 206(1\u20133):172\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.037","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"711_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13755","volume":"63","author":"JM Poupko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poupko JM, Hearn WL, Rossano F (2018) Drug contamination of U.S. Paper Currency and Forensic Relevance of Canine Alert to paper currency: a critical review of the scientific literature. J Forensic Sci 63(5):1340\u20131345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13755","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"711_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110469","volume":"316","author":"P Bowdler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bowdler P, Gale E, Bryant F et al (2020) Illicit drug contamination of the Bristol pound local currency. Forensic Sci Int 316:110469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110469","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"711_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.11.004","volume":"171","author":"KA Ebejer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ebejer KA, Lloyd GR, Brereton RG, Carter JF, Sleeman R (2007) Factors influencing the contamination of UK banknotes with drugs of abuse. Forensic Sci Int 171(2\u20133):165\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.11.004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"711_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(03)00015-x","volume":"132","author":"JF Carter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carter JF, Sleeman R, Parry J (2003) The distribution of controlled drugs on banknotes via counting machines. Forensic Sci Int 132(2):106\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(03)00015-x","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"711_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7615-4_3","volume":"210","author":"CG Daughton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Daughton CG (2011) Illicit drugs: contaminants in the environment and utility in forensic epidemiology. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 210:59\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-7615-4_3","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"5821","key":"711_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1126\/science.316.5821.42","volume":"316","author":"J Bohannon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bohannon J (2007) Public health. Hard data on hard drugs, grabbed from the environment. Science 316(5821):42\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.316.5821.42","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"711_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110227","volume":"309","author":"MT Pinorini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinorini MT, Bernasconi P, Heeb T et al (2020) Detection of cocaine on euro banknotes; Development of a practical approach for the interpretation of suspect cases. Forensic Sci Int 309:110227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110227","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"13","key":"711_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020361s","volume":"75","author":"BK Matuszewski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matuszewski BK, Constanzer ML, Chavez-Eng CM (2003) Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS\/MS. Anal Chem 75(13):3019\u20133030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac020361s","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"711_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1039\/b615669j","volume":"132","author":"J Bones","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bones J, Macka M, Paull B (2007) Evaluation of monolithic and sub 2 microm particle packed columns for the rapid screening for illicit drugs\u2013application to the determination of drug contamination on Irish euro banknotes. Analyst 132(3):208\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b615669j","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"711_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-6835.20130016","volume":"5","author":"N Rodrigues","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodrigues N, Guedes M, Augusti R, Marinho P (2013) Cocaine contamination in Belo Horizonte-MG paper currency. Revista Virtual de Quimica 5:125\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/1984-6835.20130016","journal-title":"Revista Virtual de Quimica"},{"issue":"4","key":"711_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.4.213","volume":"20","author":"J Oyler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oyler J, Darwin WD, Cone EJ (1998) Cocaine contamination of United States paper currency [published correction appears in J Anal Toxicol 22(4):15]. J Anal Toxicol 20(4):213\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/20.4.213","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"711_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-015-1610-9","volume":"147","author":"T Macku\u013eak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macku\u013eak T, Vojs Stanov\u00e1 A, G\u00e1l M, H\u00edve\u0161 J, Grabic R, Tich\u00fd J (2016) Determination of illicit drugs and their metabolites contamination on banknotes. Monatsh Chem 147:39\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00706-015-1610-9","journal-title":"Monatsh Chem"},{"key":"711_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"LC Ieong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ieong LC, Menacherry SD, Smith FP (2015) LC-MS method for the determination of illicit drug residues on paper currency. Int Chem Rev 1:1\u201321","journal-title":"Int Chem Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"711_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3326","volume":"14","author":"J Bilko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bilko J, Deng Y (2022) Determination of cocaine on banknotes using innovative sample preparation coupled with multiple calibration techniques. Drug Test Anal 14(9):1665\u20131671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3326","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"711_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/489705","volume":"8","author":"M Heller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heller M, Vitali L, Siqueira MA, Sako AVF, Piovezan M, Micke GA (2013) Capillary electrophoresis with UV detection to determine cocaine on circulated banknotes. ISRN Anal Chem 8:1\u20137","journal-title":"ISRN Anal Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"711_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.12.076","volume":"1065","author":"FA Esteve-Turrillas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Moros J, Garrigues S, Pastor A, de la Guardia M (2005) Validated, non-destructive and environmentally friendly determination of cocaine in euro bank notes. J Chromatogr A 1065(2):321\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.12.076","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"711_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.014","volume":"251","author":"VG Almeida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Almeida VG, Cassella RJ, Pacheco WF (2015) Determination of cocaine in Real banknotes circulating at the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Forensic Sci Int 251:50\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"711_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422007000800031","volume":"30","author":"E Di Donato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Di Donato E, Cinira C, Martin S et al (2007) Determination of cocaine in Brazilian paper currency by capillary gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry. Quim Nova 30:1966\u20131967","journal-title":"Quim Nova"},{"issue":"3","key":"711_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379-0738(01)00401-7","volume":"121","author":"AJ Jenkins","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenkins AJ (2001) Drug contamination of US paper currency. Forensic Sci Int 121(3):189\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(01)00401-7","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"13","key":"711_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200800117","volume":"31","author":"Y Zuo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zuo Y, Zhang K, Wu J, Rego C, Fritz J (2008) An accurate and nondestructive GC method for determination of cocaine on US paper currency. J Sep Sci 31(13):2444\u20132450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jssc.200800117","journal-title":"J Sep Sci"},{"key":"711_CR25","unstructured":"Johnson AC (2018) Quantitation of Cocaine on Banknotes MPhil thesis, http:\/\/eprints.uwe.ac.uk\/27254 Accessed 14 Jan 2024."},{"key":"711_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.008","volume":"250","author":"S van der Heide","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Heide S, Garcia Calavia P, Hardwick S, Hudson S, Wolff K, Russell DA (2015) A competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative detection of cocaine from banknotes and latent fingermarks. Forensic Sci Int 250:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"711_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01851.x","volume":"56","author":"OP Luzardo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luzardo OP, Almeida M, Zumbado M, Boada LD (2011) Occurrence of contamination by controlled substances in Euro banknotes from the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands. J Forensic Sci 56(6):1588\u20131593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01851.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"711_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12097","volume":"58","author":"TH Jourdan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jourdan TH, Veitenheimer AM, Murray CK, Wagner JR (2013) The quantitation of cocaine on U.S. currency: survey and significance of the levels of contamination. J Forensic Sci 58(3):616\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12097","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"711_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx100","volume":"27","author":"G Troiano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Troiano G, Mercurio I, Golfera M et al (2017) Cocaine contamination of banknotes: a review. Eur J Public Health 27(6):1097\u20131110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx100","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"711_CR30","unstructured":"Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Annual Report. https:\/\/wedinos.org\/resources\/downloads\/Annual_Report_201819.pdf Accessed 14 Jan 2024"},{"key":"711_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12117-010-9104-y","volume":"13","author":"C Cole","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cole C, Jones L, McVeigh J, Kicman A, Syed Q, Bellis MA (2010) Methamphetamine: a European Union perspective in the global context. Trends Organ Crime 13:240\u2013248","journal-title":"Trends Organ Crime"},{"issue":"5","key":"711_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02794-1","volume":"136","author":"YE \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk YE, Yeter O, Ate\u015f I (2022) Changes in the frequency and pattern of drugs detected among suspected drug users during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Int J Leg Med 136(5):1273\u20131279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02794-1","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"711_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac002826p","volume":"72","author":"R Sleeman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sleeman R, Burton F, Carter J, Roberts D, Hulmston P (2000) Drugs on money. Anal Chem 72(11):397A-403A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac002826p","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"711_CR34","unstructured":"(2023) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction European Drug Report. https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/european-drug-report\/2023\/cocaine_en, Accessed 14 Jan 2024"},{"key":"711_CR35","unstructured":"(2023) Turkish National Police Counter Narcotics DepartmentTurkey drug report. https:\/\/www.narkotik.pol.tr\/kurumlar\/narkotik.pol.tr\/TUB%C4%B0M\/Ulusal%20Yay%C4%B1nlar\/2023_TURKISH_DRUG_REPORT.pdf, Accessed 14 Jan 2024"}],"container-title":["Forensic Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11419-025-00711-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11419-025-00711-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11419-025-00711-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T08:40:08Z","timestamp":1752136808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11419-025-00711-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11419-025-00711-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1860-8965","1860-8973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1860-8965","type":"print"},{"value":"1860-8973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies on human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}