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Hydrolysis was performed using commercially available five enzymes at two different temperatures, and the reaction progress was monitored for up to 360\u00a0min. The amount of hydrolyzed product was quantified using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although no enzyme selectivity was observed for the hydrolysis of <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glucuronide, the hydrolysis efficiency against <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-glucuronide varied significantly, depending on the enzyme and reaction temperature. Among the enzymes evaluated, IMCSzyme 3S and the enzyme derived from <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> demonstrated superior hydrolysis of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-glucuronides under optimal conditions. For IMCS RT, good results were also obtained by adding twice the amount of enzyme specified.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Suitable enzymes and hydrolysis conditions were determined for the rapid and systematic screening of drug metabolites in human urine. These findings are expected to streamline the analytical workflow and reduce the need for tedious sample preprocessing.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-025-00715-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T07:09:39Z","timestamp":1741158579000},"page":"356-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of commercially available recombinant and conventional \u03b2-glucuronidases to evaluate the hydrolysis efficiencies against O-glucuronides and N-glucuronides in urinary drug screening"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Akira","family":"Namera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Nagao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12415","volume":"44","author":"Y Tanibuchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tanibuchi Y, Omiya S, Usami T, Matsumoto T (2024) Clinical characteristics of over-the-counter (OTC) drug abusers in psychiatric practice in Japan: comparison of single and multiple OTC product abusers. 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The author Akira Namera is one of the Chief-in-Editors of Forensic Toxicology and was not involved in the peer-review of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All the procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethics committee of Hiroshima University and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}