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For the collection of HBMSCs and evaluation of clinical relevance, human mandible samples from healthy individuals and patients with ORNJ were included with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University (approval no. PJ2024-113-001). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All animal studies, including the euthanasia procedure, were performed in compliance with institutional animal care regulations for Nanjing Medical University and conducted according to the IACUC guidelines (approval No. IACUC2407110).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance and ethics"}}]}}