{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:46:18Z","timestamp":1790142378434,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. China Life Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The co-occurrence of KPC and NDM carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacteria presents a serious and expanding global health threat. This study characterized 338 KPC-2\/NDM-1 dual-positive isolates from 23 countries, including 41 clinical strains sequenced through hybrid second- and third-generation platforms from China\u2019s national surveillance network. These isolates spanned six genera, 58 species, and 138 sequence types, reflecting substantial taxonomic and geographic diversity. Molecular analysis identified IncFII(p14) plasmids as the principal vectors for cross-genus dissemination of KPC-2, while IncX3, IncN, and IncFIB(pB171)\/IncFII(Yp) plasmids were dominant carriers of NDM-1 among the studied strains. Codon usage analysis indicated stronger bias in KPC-2 plasmids (effective codon number: 39.17, optimal codons: 17) compared to NDM-1 plasmids (effective codon number: 41.25, optimal codons: 12), indicating differential evolutionary pressures. Dual-positive strains exhibited significantly higher virulence scores and broader resistance profiles than reference strains (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001). Notably, only 14.6% of isolates harbored Type I\u2013E CRISPR-Cas systems, all of which encoded the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIE10. Furthermore, Type II methyltransferase numbers were significantly enriched in dual-positive strains (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.005), suggesting a potential role in modulating host defense evasion. We propose that in\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., KPC-2 plasmids are typically acquired prior to NDM-1 plasmids and can form hybrid plasmids. In non-\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    genera, dual resistance is primarily driven by independent acquisition of high-risk plasmids such as IncFII(p14) and IncX3, without a fixed temporal order. These findings highlight the convergence of global plasmid-mediated resistance, host-pathogen immune interplay, and pan-resistance evolution. Targeting high-risk plasmid lineages and host defense-modulating elements may be key to forecasting resistance emergence and guiding early interventions against dual-carbapenemase-producing pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-025-3113-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T04:38:48Z","timestamp":1769402328000},"page":"1769-1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Global spread and evolution of KPC-2 and NDM-1-producing Gram-negative bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiwen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruobing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93362-x","volume":"11","author":"GA Ballash","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ballash, G.A., Albers, A.L., Mollenkopf, D.F., Sechrist, E., Adams, R.J., and Wittum, T. E. (2021). Antimicrobial resistant bacteria recovered from retail ground meat products in the US include a Raoultella ornithinolytica co-harboring blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-5. Sci Rep 11, 14041.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3113_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00047-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00047-19","volume":"33","author":"K Bush","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bush, K., and Bradford, P.A. (2020). Epidemiology of \u03b2-lactamase-producing pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 33, e00047-19.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3113_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01707-08","volume":"53","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carattoli, A. (2009). Resistance plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53, 2227\u20132238.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3113_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001","volume":"303","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carattoli, A. (2013). Plasmids and the spread of resistance. Int J Med Microbiol 303, 298\u2013304.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"3113_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","volume":"58","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carattoli, A., Zankari, E., Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Voldby Larsen, M., Lund, O., Villa, L., M\u00f8ller Aarestrup, F., and Hasman, H. (2014). In silico detection and typing of plasmids using plasmidfinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58, 3895\u20133903.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3113_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02688-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02688-21","volume":"10","author":"Q Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Liu, L., Hu, X., Jia, X., Gong, X., Feng, Y., Huang, M., and Wang, H. (2022). A small KPC-2-producing plasmid in Klebsiella pneumoniae: implications for diversified vehicles of carbapenem resistance. Microbiol Spectr 10, e02688-21.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"3113_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00483-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00483-19","volume":"63","author":"M Feldgarden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feldgarden, M., Brover, V., Haft, D.H., Prasad, A.B., Slotta, D.J., Tolstoy, I., Tyson, G. H., Zhao, S., Hsu, C.H., McDermott, P.F., et al. (2019). Validating the AMRFinder tool and resistance gene database by using antimicrobial resistance genotype-phenotype correlations in a collection of isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 63, e00483-19.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3113_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.04.003","volume":"20","author":"E Harrison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harrison, E., and Brockhurst, M.A. (2012). Plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer is a coevolutionary process. Trends Microbiol 20, 262\u2013267.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"3113_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125531","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1125531","volume":"14","author":"Y Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, D., Guo, Q., and Wang, M. (2023). Coexistence of blaKPC-IncFII plasmids and type I-E* CRISPR-Cas systems in ST15 Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 14, 1125531.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3113_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00213-21","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00213-21","volume":"59","author":"R Humphries","year":"2021","unstructured":"Humphries, R., Bobenchik, A.M., Hindler, J.A., Schuetz, A.N., and McAdam, A.J. (2021). Overview of changes to the clinical and laboratory standards institute performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, M100, 31st edition. J Clin Microbiol 59, e00213-21.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"3113_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaal5056","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal5056","volume":"356","author":"SA Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson, S.A., McKenzie, R.E., Fagerlund, R.D., Kieper, S.N., Fineran, P.C., and Brouns, S.J.J. (2017). CRISPR-Cas: adapting to change. Science 356, eaal5056.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3113_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","volume":"9","author":"C Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain, C., Rodriguez-R, L.M., Phillippy, A.M., Konstantinidis, K.T., and Aluru, S. (2018). High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries. Nat Commun 9, 5114.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3113_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8370","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae516","volume":"52","author":"C Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, C., Yu, C., Sun, S., Lin, J., Cai, M., Wei, Z., Feng, L., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Dong, K., et al. (2024). A new anti-CRISPR gene promotes the spread of drug-resistance plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 52, 8370\u20138384.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3113_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.914172","volume":"15","author":"I Karaiskos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karaiskos, I., and Giamarellou, H. (2014). Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: current and emerging therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Pharmacother 15, 1351\u20131370.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"3113_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24448-3","volume":"12","author":"MMC Lam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lam, M.M.C., Wick, R.R., Watts, S.C., Cerdeira, L.T., Wyres, K.L., and Holt, K.E. (2021). A genomic surveillance framework and genotyping tool for Klebsiella pneumoniae and its related species complex. Nat Commun 12, 4188.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3113_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","volume":"50","author":"MV Larsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larsen, M.V., Cosentino, S., Rasmussen, S., Friis, C., Hasman, H., Marvig, R.L., Jelsbak, L., Sicheritz-Pont\u00e9n, T., Ussery, D.W., Aarestrup, F.M., et al. (2012). Multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 50, 1355\u20131361.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"3113_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128049","volume":"293","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, J., Wu, W., Wu, H., Huang, J., Li, Z., Wang, J., Zhou, Z., Wu, M., Wu, X., Zhao, Y., et al. (2025a). Rapid emergence, transmission, and evolution of KPC and NDM coproducing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiol Res 293, 128049.","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"3113_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1867468","volume":"12","author":"P Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, P., Liang, Q., Liu, W., Zheng, B., Liu, L., Wang, W., Xu, Z., Huang, M., and Feng, Y. (2021). Convergence of carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence in a highly-transmissible ST11 clone of K. pneumoniae: an epidemiological, genomic and functional study. Virulence 12, 377\u2013388.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"3113_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00009-24","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00009-24","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, X., Wang, L., Lin, J., Gu, Y., Liu, Z., Hu, J., Warren, B.G., Al-Tameemi, H.M., and Abdelkhalek, A.A. (2025b). Detection of CRISPR-Cas and type I R-M systems in Klebsiella pneumoniae of human and animal origins and their relationship to antibiotic resistance and virulence. Microbiol Spectr 13, e00009-24.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"3113_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.10.038","volume":"68","author":"L Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, L., Lou, N., Liang, Q., Xiao, W., Teng, G., Ma, J., Zhang, H., Huang, M., and Feng, Y. (2023). Chasing the landscape for intrahospital transmission and evolution of hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Bull 68, 3027\u20133047.","journal-title":"Sci Bull"},{"key":"3113_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02510-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02510-22","volume":"10","author":"X Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, X., Yu, L., Feng, J., Zhang, J., Zheng, C., Hu, D., Dai, P., Xu, M., Li, P., Lin, R., et al. (2022). Emergence of extensively drug-resistant ST170 Citrobacter portucalensis with plasmids pK218-KPC, pK218-NDM, and pK218-SHV from a tertiary hospital, China. Microbiol Spectr 10, e02510-22.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"3113_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00088-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17","volume":"31","author":"SR Partridge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Partridge, S.R., Kwong, S.M., Firth, N., and Jensen, S.O. (2018). Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 31, e00088-17.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3113_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D298","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1046","volume":"43","author":"RJ Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts, R.J., Vincze, T., Posfai, J., and Macelis, D. (2015). REBASE-a database for DNA restriction and modification: enzymes, genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 43, D298\u2013D299.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3113_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000206","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000206","volume":"4","author":"J Robertson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robertson, J., and Nash, J.H.E. (2018). MOB-suite: software tools for clustering, reconstruction and typing of plasmids from draft assemblies. Microb Genomics 4, e000206.","journal-title":"Microb Genomics"},{"key":"3113_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1089\/crispr.2020.0059","volume":"3","author":"J Russel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russel, J., Pinilla-Redondo, R., Mayo-Mu\u00f1oz, D., Shah, S.A., and S\u00f8rensen, S.J. (2020). CRISPRCasTyper: automated identification, annotation, and classification of CRISPR-Cas loci. CRISPR J 3, 462\u2013469.","journal-title":"CRISPR J"},{"key":"3113_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07994-w","volume":"635","author":"B Samuel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samuel, B., Mittelman, K., Croitoru, S.Y., Ben Haim, M., and Burstein, D. (2024). Diverse anti-defence systems are encoded in the leading region of plasmids. Nature 635, 186\u2013192.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3113_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5.5.02","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MTBP-0016-2017","volume":"5","author":"A San Millan","year":"2017","unstructured":"San Millan, A., MacLean, R.C., Baquero, F., Bouza, E., Guti\u00e9rrez-Fuentes, J.A., and Coque, T.M. (2017). Fitness costs of plasmids: a limit to plasmid transmission. Microbiol Spectr 5, 5.5.02.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"3113_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1112","volume":"50","author":"EW Sayers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sayers, E.W., Bolton, E.E., Brister, J.R., Canese, K., Chan, J., Comeau, D.C., Connor, R., Funk, K., Kelly, C., Kim, S., et al. (2022). Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. Nucleic Acids Res 50, D20\u2013D26.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3113_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D273","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1111","volume":"50","author":"GP Schmartz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmartz, G.P., Hartung, A., Hirsch, P., Kern, F., Fehlmann, T., M\u00fcller, R., and Keller, A. (2022). PLSDB: advancing a comprehensive database of bacterial plasmids. Nucleic Acids Res 50, D273\u2013D278.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3113_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","volume":"30","author":"T Seemann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seemann, T. (2014). Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics 30, 2068\u20132069.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3113_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.3.1281","volume":"15","author":"PM Sharp","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sharp, P.M., and Li, W.H. (1987). The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous codon usage bias, and its potential applications. Nucleic Acids Res 15, 1281\u20131295.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3113_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6806","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad452","volume":"51","author":"LP Shaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaw, L.P., Rocha, E.P.C., and MacLean, R.C. (2023). Restriction-modification systems have shaped the evolution and distribution of plasmids across bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 51, 6806\u20136818.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3113_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S468895","volume":"17","author":"M Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, M., Xiao, W., and Xu, Q. (2024). Molecular characterization of a KPC-2- and NDM-1-producing Klebsiella michiganensis clinical isolate in cerebrospinal fluid. Infect Drug Resist 17, 3569\u20133578.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"3113_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00044-12","volume":"77","author":"K Vasu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vasu, K., and Nagaraja, V. (2013). Diverse functions of restriction-modification systems in addition to cellular defense. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 77, 53\u201372.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"3113_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2025.101243","volume":"81","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, M., Jin, L., Wang, R., Wang, Q., Wang, S., Wu, X., Yao, C., Corander, J., and Wang, H. (2025). KpnK48 clone driving hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli epidemics: insights into its evolutionary trajectory similar to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Drug Resist Updat 81, 101243.","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"3113_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595","volume":"13","author":"RR Wick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wick, R.R., Judd, L.M., Gorrie, C.L., and Holt, K.E. (2017). Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput Biol 13, e1005595.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"3113_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0315-1","volume":"18","author":"KL Wyres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wyres, K.L., Lam, M.M.C., and Holt, K.E. (2020). Population genomics of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nat Rev Microbiol 18, 344\u2013359.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"3113_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2023.0050","volume":"30","author":"Q Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Lin, H., Liu, W., Zhong, Y., Zhou, Y., Xu, Z., and Chen, D. (2024). Genomic characterization of Escherichia coli co-producing KPC-2 and NDM-5 carbapene-mases isolated from intensive care unit in a Chinese hospital. Microb Drug Resist 30, 27\u201336.","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"3113_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2022.101051","volume":"49\u201350","author":"B Ymana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ymana, B., Luque, N., Pons, M.J., and Ruiz, J. (2022). KPC-2-NDM-1-producing Serratia marcescens: first description in Peru. New Microbes New Infects 49\u201350, 101051.","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infects"},{"key":"3113_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00248-22","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00248-22","volume":"7","author":"JF Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J.F., Fang, L.X., Chang, M.X., Cheng, M., Zhang, H., Long, T.F., Li, Q., Lian, X., Sun, J., Liao, X.P., et al. (2022). A trade-off for maintenance of multidrug-resistant IncHI2 plasmids in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium through adaptive evolution. mSystems 7, e00248-22.","journal-title":"mSystems"}],"container-title":["Science China Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11427-025-3113-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11427-025-3113-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11427-025-3113-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:17:31Z","timestamp":1777713451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11427-025-3113-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11427-025-3113-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1674-7305","1869-1889"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1674-7305","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-1889","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance and ethics"}}]}}