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All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chongqing Medical University. Human colonic biopsy specimens from healthy controls and patients with active UC were obtained from the Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Approval No. 2026-086-01), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance and ethics"}}]}}