{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:53:47Z","timestamp":1790787227444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005337","name":"American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12 DA000357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 DA000357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12 DA000357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 DA000357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50DA009241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50DA009241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 MH018268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 MH018268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Ment Health Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00292-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T19:02:47Z","timestamp":1589569367000},"page":"1963-1979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations of Cannabis- and Tobacco-Related Problem Severity with Reward and Punishment Sensitivity and Impulsivity in Adolescent Daily Cigarette Smokers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchitra","family":"Krishnan-Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda C.","family":"Mayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"292_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017","volume":"110","author":"SJ Adamson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adamson, S. J., Kay-Lambkin, F. J., Baker, A. L., Lewin, T. J., Thornton, L., Kelly, B. J., & Sellman, J. D. (2010). An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: the cannabis use disorders identification test-revised (CUDIT-R). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(1\u20132), 137\u2013143.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"6","key":"292_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01399.x","volume":"101","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Agrawal, A., & Lynskey, M. T. (2006). The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence. Addiction, 101(6), 801\u2013812.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"292_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x","volume":"107","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agrawal, A., Budney, A. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (2012). The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review. Addiction, 107(7), 1221\u20131233.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2 Pt 2","key":"292_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.011","volume":"98","author":"AR Baskin-Sommers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baskin-Sommers, A. R., & Foti, D. (2015). Abnormal reward functioning across substance use disorders and major depressive disorder: considering reward as a transdiagnostic mechanism. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98(2 Pt 2), 227\u2013239.","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"292_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2014.937490","volume":"40","author":"D Beaton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beaton, D., Abdi, H., & Filbey, F. M. (2014). Unique aspects of impulsive traits in substance use and overeating: Specific contributions of common assessments of impulsivity. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(6), 463\u2013475.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"292_CR6","first-page":"233","volume":"24","author":"LJ Bierut","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bierut, L. J., Schuckit, M. A., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Reich, T. (2000). Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking. Alcohol Research and Health, 24(4), 233\u2013241.","journal-title":"Alcohol Research and Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"292_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.04.002","volume":"29","author":"P Bijttebier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bijttebier, P., Beck, I., Claes, L., & Vandereycken, W. (2009). Gray\u2019s reinforcement sensitivity theory as a framework for research on personality-psychopathology associations. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(5), 421\u2013430.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"292_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.006","volume":"178","author":"EE Bonar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonar, E. E., Goldstick, J. E., Collins, R. L., Cranford, J. A., Cunningham, R. M., Chermack, S. T., Blow, F. C., & Walton, M. A. (2017). Daily associations between cannabis motives and consumption in emerging adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 136\u2013142.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"292_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1159\/000346178","volume":"19","author":"M Boog","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boog, M., Goudriaan, A. E., van de Wetering, B. J., Deuss, H., & Franken, I. H. (2013). The concepts of rash impulsiveness and reward sensitivity in substance use disorders. European Addiction Research, 19(5), 261\u2013268.","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"key":"292_CR10","volume-title":"American drinking practices","author":"D Calahan","year":"1969","unstructured":"Calahan, D., Cisin, I. H., & Crossley, H. M. (1969). American drinking practices. New Brunswick: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies."},{"issue":"11","key":"292_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.06.013","volume":"35","author":"MJ Carpenter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carpenter, M. J., Baker, N. L., Gray, K. M., & Upadhyaya, H. P. (2010). Assessment of nicotine dependence among adolescent and young adult smokers: a comparison of measures. Addictive Behaviors, 35(11), 977\u2013982.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"12","key":"292_CR12","first-page":"1189","volume":"49","author":"BJ Casey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Casey, B. J., & Jones, R. M. (2010). Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(12), 1189\u20131201 quiz 1285.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"292_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000193","volume":"125","author":"N Castellanos-Ryan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castellanos-Ryan, N., Briere, F. N., O'Leary-Barrett, M., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A., Bromberg, U., et al. (2016). The structure of psychopathology in adolescence and its common personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(8), 1039\u20131052.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"292_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.10.015","volume":"53","author":"SL Clark","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clark, S. L., Gillespie, N. A., Adkins, D. E., Kendler, K. S., & Neale, M. C. (2016). Psychometric modeling of abuse and dependence symptoms across six illicit substances indicates novel dimensions of misuse. Addictive Behaviors, 53, 132\u2013140.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"14","key":"292_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1473437","volume":"53","author":"CO Cobb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cobb, C. O., Soule, E. K., Rudy, A. K., Sutter, M. E., & Cohn, A. M. (2018). Patterns and correlates of tobacco and cannabis co-use by tobacco product type: findings from the Virginia youth survey. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(14), 2310\u20132319.","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"292_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.12.025","volume":"92","author":"AM Cohn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cohn, A. M., Abudayyeh, H., Perreras, L., & Peters, E. N. (2018). Patterns and correlates of the co-use of marijuana with any tobacco and individual tobacco products in young adults from wave 2 of the PATH study. Addictive Behaviors, 92, 122\u2013127.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"292_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007","volume":"28","author":"S Dawe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dawe, S., & Loxton, N. J. (2004). The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 343\u2013351.","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"22","key":"292_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0019-18.2018","volume":"38","author":"S De Pirro","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Pirro, S., Galati, G., Pizzamiglio, L., & Badiani, A. (2018). The affective and neural correlates of heroin versus cocaine use in addiction are influenced by environmental setting but in opposite directions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 38(22), 5182\u20135195.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"292_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.06.039","volume":"41","author":"CD Delnevo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delnevo, C. D., Gundersen, D. A., Hrywna, M., Echeverria, S. E., & Steinberg, M. B. (2011). Smoking-cessation prevalence among U.S. smokers of menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4), 357\u2013365.","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"292_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/02602930301674","volume":"28","author":"HM Dodeen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dodeen, H. M. (2003). Effectiveness of valid mean substitution in treating missing data in attitude assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 28, 505\u2013513.","journal-title":"Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"292_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2908-5","volume":"226","author":"DM Dougherty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Dawes, M. A., Furr, R. M., Charles, N. E., Liguori, A., Shannon, E. E., & Acheson, A. (2013). Impulsivity, attention, memory, and decision-making among adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 307\u2013319.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"292_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481","volume":"149","author":"JL Evenden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Evenden, J. L. (1999). Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 149, 348\u2013361.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"292_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(199706)12:2+<S79::AID-HUP905>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"12","author":"HJ Eysenck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eysenck, H. J. (1997). Addiction, personality, and motivation. Human Psychopharmacology, 12, 79\u201387.","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"292_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.12.005","volume":"40","author":"IHA Fraken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fraken, I. H. A., & Muris, P. (2006). BIS\/BAS personality characteristics and college student\u2019s substance use. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1497\u20131503.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"292_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.05.022","volume":"31","author":"IH Franken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Franken, I. H., Muris, P., & Georgieva, I. (2006). Gray\u2019s model of personality and addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 399\u2013403.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"292_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.035","volume":"177","author":"KA Garrison","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garrison, K. A., Yip, S. W., Balodis, I. M., Carroll, K. M., Potenza, M. N., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2017). Reward-related frontostriatal activity and smoking behavior among adolescents in treatment for smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 177, 268\u2013276.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"6","key":"292_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6806e1","volume":"68","author":"AS Gentzke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gentzke, A. S., Creamer, M., Cullen, K. A., Ambrose, B. K., Willis, G., Jamal, A., & King, B. A. (2019). Vital signs: tobacco product use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(6), 157\u2013164.","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"4","key":"292_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206","volume":"72","author":"M Goodkind","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goodkind, M., Eickhoff, S. B., Oathes, D. J., Jiang, Y., Chang, A., Jones-Hagata, L. B., Ortega, B. N., Zaiko, Y. V., Roach, E. L., Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Fox, P. T., & Etkin, A. (2015). Identification of a common neurobiological substrate for mental illness. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(4), 305\u2013315.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304050","volume":"108","author":"RD Goodwin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goodwin, R. D., Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Moeller, S. J., Dierker, L., Weinberger, A., Gbedemah, M., Zvolensky, M. J., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2018). Trends in daily cannabis use among cigarette smokers: United States, 2002-2014. American Journal of Public Health, 108(1), 137\u2013142.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"292_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray. (1972). The psychophysiological nature of introversion-extraversion: a modification of Eysenck's theory: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-515350-8.50017-X"},{"key":"292_CR31","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system","author":"JA Gray","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. New York: Clarendon Press\/Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"8","key":"292_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.06.003","volume":"32","author":"MJ Gullo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gullo, M. J., & Dawe, S. (2008). Impulsivity and adolescent substance use: rashly dismissed as \"all-bad\"? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(8), 1507\u20131518.","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"292_CR33","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of impulse control disorders","author":"CJ Hammond","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hammond, C. J., Potenza, M. N., & Mayes, L. C. (2011). Development of impulse control, inhibition, and self-regulatory behaviors in normative populations across the lifespan. In J. Grant & M. Potenza (Eds.), Oxford handbook of impulse control disorders. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000172","volume":"115","author":"KP Harden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harden, K. P., Mann, F. D., Grotzinger, A. D., Patterson, M. W., Steinberg, L., Tackett, J. L., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018). Developmental differences in reward sensitivity and sensation seeking in adolescence: Testing sex-specific associations with gonadal hormones and pubertal development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(1), 161\u2013178.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"292_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0624-x","volume":"48","author":"D Iacobucci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iacobucci, D., Schneider, M. J., Popovich, D. L., & Bakamitsos, G. A. (2016). Mean centering helps alleviate \u201cmicro\u201d but not \u201cmacro\u201d multicollinearity. Behavior Research Methods, 48(4), 1308\u20131317.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"292_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157","volume":"4","author":"WG Iacono","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., & McGue, M. (2008). Behavioral disinhibition and the development of early-onset addiction: common and specific influences. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 325\u2013348.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"292_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802013334","volume":"34","author":"I Ivanov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ivanov, I., Schulz, K. P., London, E. D., & Newcorn, J. H. (2008). Inhibitory control deficits in childhood and risk for substance use disorders: a review. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34(3), 239\u2013258.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"292_CR38","unstructured":"Johnston, L.D., O\u2019Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg, J. . (2006). Teen drug use down but progress halts among youngest teens. Retrieved March 30, 2013, from www.monitoringthefuture.org"},{"key":"292_CR39","volume-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use: 1975\u20132014: overview, key findings on adolescent drug use","author":"LD Johnston","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnston, L. D., O\u2019Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use: 1975\u20132014: overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan."},{"key":"292_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.06.013","volume":"42","author":"N Kambouropoulos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kambouropoulos, N., & Staiger, P. K. (2007). Personality, behavioural, and affective characteristics of hazardous drinkers. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 213\u2013224.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"292_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.05.005","volume":"16","author":"HC Karoly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karoly, H. C., Bryan, A. D., Weiland, B. J., Mayer, A., Dodd, A., & Feldstein Ewing, S. W. (2015). Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 5\u201315.","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021958","volume":"25","author":"KM King","year":"2011","unstructured":"King, K. M., Fleming, C. B., Monahan, K. C., & Catalano, R. F. (2011). Changes in self-control problems and attention problems during middle school predict alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use during high school. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 69\u201379.","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"292_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.03.007","volume":"75","author":"GG Knyazev","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knyazev, G. G. (2004). Behavioural activation as predictor of substance use: mediating and moderating role of attitudes and social relationships. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 75(3), 309\u2013321.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"292_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31828230ca","volume":"7","author":"G Kong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kong, G., Smith, A. E., McMahon, T. J., Cavallo, D. A., Schepis, T. S., Desai, R. A., Potenza, M. N., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2013). Pubertal status, sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and substance use in high school-aged boys and girls. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(2), 116\u2013121.","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006","volume":"88","author":"S Krishnan-Sarin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krishnan-Sarin, S., Reynolds, B., Duhig, A. M., Smith, A., Liss, T., McFetridge, A., Cavallo, D. A., Carroll, K. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2007). Behavioral impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in a smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(1), 79\u201382.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"292_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.09.014","volume":"54","author":"RF Leeman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leeman, R. F., Hoff, R. A., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Patock-Peckham, J. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2014). Impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time job status in relation to substance use and gambling in adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(4), 460\u2013466.","journal-title":"The Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"292_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.643973","volume":"38","author":"HI Lopez-Vergara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopez-Vergara, H. I., Colder, C. R., Hawk Jr., L. W., Wieczorek, W. F., Eiden, R. D., Lengua, L. J., & Read, J. P. (2012). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and alcohol outcome expectancies in early adolescence. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38(2), 130\u2013134.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"292_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.1042","volume":"29","author":"NJ Loxton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Loxton, N. J., & Dawes, S. (2001). Alcohol abuse and dysfunctional eating in adolescent girls: the influence of individual differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 455\u2013462.","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230601036929","volume":"26","author":"DI Lubman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lubman, D. I. (2007). Addiction neuroscience and its relevance to clinical practice. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(1), 1\u20132.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"292_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.03.028","volume":"37","author":"M Lyvers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lyvers, M., Duff, H., Basch, V., & Edwards, M. S. (2012). Rash impulsiveness and reward sensitivity in relation to risky drinking by university students: potential roles of frontal systems. Addictive Behaviors, 37(8), 940\u2013946.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"10","key":"292_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12991","volume":"110","author":"IT Mahu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahu, I. T., Doucet, C., O'Leary-Barrett, M., & Conrod, P. J. (2015). Can cannabis use be prevented by targeting personality risk in schools? Twenty-four-month outcome of the adventure trial on cannabis use: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 110(10), 1625\u20131633.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"292_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01438.x","volume":"101","author":"M Mathers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathers, M., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F., Williams, J., & Patton, G. C. (2006). Consequences of youth tobacco use: a review of prospective behavioural studies. Addiction, 101(7), 948\u2013958.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"292_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.018","volume":"192","author":"EA McClure","year":"2018","unstructured":"McClure, E. A., Baker, N. L., Sonne, S. C., Ghitza, U. E., Tomko, R. L., Montgomery, L., Babalonis, S., Terry, G. E., & Gray, K. M. (2018). Tobacco use during cannabis cessation: use patterns and impact on abstinence in a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 192, 59\u201366.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"7","key":"292_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16040400","volume":"174","author":"LM McTeague","year":"2017","unstructured":"McTeague, L. M., Huemer, J., Carreon, D. M., Jiang, Y., Eickhoff, S. B., & Etkin, A. (2017). Identification of common neural circuit disruptions in cognitive control across psychiatric disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(7), 676\u2013685.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"292_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.013","volume":"166","author":"E Meier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meier, E., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2016). A review of the additive health risk of cannabis and tobacco co-use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 6\u201312.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"292_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783","volume":"158","author":"FG Moeller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dogherty, D. M., Schmidt, J. M., & Swan, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1783\u20131793.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"292_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.11.009","volume":"42","author":"ME Morean","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morean, M. E., Kong, G., Camenga, D. R., Cavallo, D. A., Carroll, K. M., Pittman, B., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2015). Contingency management improves smoking cessation treatment outcomes among highly impulsive adolescent smokers relative to cognitive behavioral therapy. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 86\u201390.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"292_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.011","volume":"124","author":"M Moreno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moreno, M., Estevez, A. F., Zaldivar, F., Montes, J. M., Gutierrez-Ferre, V. E., Esteban, L., et al. (2012). Impulsivity differences in recreational cannabis users and binge drinkers in a university population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 124(3), 355\u2013362.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"292_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18020202","volume":"176","author":"JG Morin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morin, J. G., Afzali, M. H., Bourque, J., Stewart, S. H., Seguin, J. R., O'Leary-Barrett, M., & Conrod, P. J. (2019). A population-based analysis of the relationship between substance use and adolescent cognitive development. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 98\u2013106.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.022","volume":"49","author":"L Nestor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nestor, L., Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2010). Increased ventral striatal BOLD activity during non-drug reward anticipation in cannabis users. Neuroimage, 49(1), 1133\u20131143.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"292_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.12.002","volume":"46","author":"RM O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, R. M., Stewart, S. H., & Watt, M. C. (2009). Distinguishing BAS risk for university students\u2019s drinking, smoking, and gambling behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 514\u2013519.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.19.1.10","volume":"19","author":"RM O'Connor","year":"2005","unstructured":"O'Connor, R. M., & Colder, C. R. (2005). Predicting alcohol patterns in first-year college students through motivational systems and reasons for drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(1), 10\u201320.","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"6","key":"292_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"51","author":"JH Patton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768\u2013774.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"292_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.10.1518","volume":"88","author":"GC Patton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Patton, G. C., Carlin, J. B., Coffey, C., Wolfe, R., Hibbert, M., & Bowes, G. (1998). Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. American Journal of Public Health, 88(10), 1518\u20131522.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"292_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10071024","volume":"168","author":"J Peters","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peters, J., Bromberg, U., Schneider, S., Brassen, S., Menz, M., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2011). Lower ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation in adolescent smokers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(5), 540\u2013549.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(96)00048-2","volume":"21","author":"AV Prokhorov","year":"1996","unstructured":"Prokhorov, A. V., Pallonen, U. E., Fava, J. L., Ding, L., & Niaura, R. (1996). Measuring nicotine dependence among high-risk adolescent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 21(1), 117\u2013127.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"2","key":"292_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12186","volume":"24","author":"RA Rabin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rabin, R. A., & George, T. P. (2015). A review of co-morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co-use. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(2), 105\u2013116.","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"2","key":"292_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.12.002","volume":"32","author":"DE Ramo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012). Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of their co-use. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 105\u2013121.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"292_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.007","volume":"185","author":"GL Schauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schauer, G. L., & Peters, E. N. (2018). Correlates and trends in youth co-use of marijuana and tobacco in the United States, 2005-2014. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 185, 238\u2013244.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3181d8dc62","volume":"5","author":"TS Schepis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schepis, T. S., Desai, R. A., Cavallo, D. A., Smith, A. E., McFetridge, A., Liss, T. B., Potenza, M. N., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent marijuana use and associated psychosocial characteristics. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 5(1), 65\u201373.","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"292_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12838","volume":"39","author":"D Shmulewitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shmulewitz, D., Greene, E. R., & Hasin, D. (2015). Commonalities and differences across substance use disorders: phenomenological and epidemiological aspects. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(10), 1878\u20131900.","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"292_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.21.3.409","volume":"21","author":"JS Simons","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simons, J. S., & Arens, A. M. (2007). Moderating effects of sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward on associations between marijuana effect expectancies and use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 409\u2013414.","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"292_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","volume-title":"Measuring alcohol consumption: psychosocial and biochemical methods","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back: a technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. In R. Z. Litten & J. P. Allen (Eds.), Measuring alcohol consumption: psychosocial and biochemical methods (pp. 41\u201372). Totowa: Humana Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"292_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.04.003","volume":"26","author":"JL Tackett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tackett, J. L. (2006). Evaluating models of the personality-psychopathology relationship in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 584\u2013599.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"292_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00183-5","volume":"31","author":"R Torrubia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Torrubia, R., Avila, C., Molto, J., & Caseras, X. (2001). The sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray\u2019s anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 837\u2013862.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"292_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704479","volume":"135","author":"E Valjent","year":"2002","unstructured":"Valjent, E., Mitchell, J. M., Besson, M. J., Caboche, J., & Maldonado, R. (2002). Behavioural and biochemcial evidence for interactions between delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinol and nicotine. British Journal of Pharmacology, 135, 564\u2013578.","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"292_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.11.010","volume":"20","author":"HH van Hell","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Hell, H. H., Vink, M., Ossewaarde, L., Jager, G., Kahn, R. S., & Ramsey, N. F. (2010). Chronic effects of cannabis use on the human reward system: an fMRI study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(3), 153\u2013163.","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"292_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.004","volume":"40","author":"ME van Hemel-Ruiter","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., de Jong, P. J., Ostafin, B. D., & Wiers, R. W. (2015). Reward sensitivity, attentional bias, and executive control in early adolescent alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 40, 84\u201390.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"292_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.016","volume":"168","author":"JD VanderVeen","year":"2016","unstructured":"VanderVeen, J. D., Hershberger, A. R., & Cyders, M. A. (2016). UPPS-P model impulsivity and marijuana use behaviors in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 168, 181\u2013190.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"10","key":"292_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070923","volume":"169","author":"MM Vanyukov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vanyukov, M. M. (2012). Substance-specific symptoms and general liability to addiction. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(10), 1016\u20131018.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1766","key":"292_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180137","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0137","volume":"374","author":"J Vassileva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vassileva, J., & Conrod, P. J. (2019). Impulsivities and addictions: a multidimensional integrative framework informing assessment and interventions for substance use disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 374(1766), 20180137.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"292_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003","volume":"32","author":"A Verdejo-Garcia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verdejo-Garcia, A., Lawrence, A. J., & Clark, L. (2008). Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 777\u2013810.","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.016","volume":"191","author":"AH Weinberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weinberger, A. H., Pacek, L. R., Wall, M. M., Zvolensky, M. J., Copeland, J., Galea, S., Nahvi, S., Moeller, S. J., Hasin, D. S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018). Trends in cannabis use disorder by cigarette smoking status in the United States, 2002-2016. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 191(1), 45\u201351.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"292_CR84","volume-title":"Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence","author":"D Weschler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weschler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co.."},{"issue":"1","key":"292_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000122","volume":"28","author":"AE Whitton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whitton, A. E., Treadway, M. T., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015). Reward processing dysfunction in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(1), 7\u201312.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"292_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.01.033","volume":"50","author":"L Willem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willem, L., Bijttebier, P., Claes, L., Sools, J., Vandenbussche, I., & Nigg, J. T. (2011). Temperamental characteristics of adolescents with substance abuse and\/or dependence: a case-control study. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1094\u20131098.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"10","key":"292_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.02.016","volume":"32","author":"RN Zisserson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zisserson, R. N., & Palfai, T. P. (2007). Behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivity and reactivity to alcohol cues among hazardous drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2178\u20132186.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00292-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00292-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00292-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T21:47:53Z","timestamp":1638395273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00292-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00292-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1874","1557-1882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"None of the authors have any conflicts of interest. Dr. Hammond serves as a scientific advisor for the National Courts and Science Institute and as a subject matter expert for the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) related to co-occurring substance-use disorders and severe emotional disturbance in youth. Dr. Krishnan-Sarin has received investigational medications from Astra Zeneca and Novartis for studies on alcohol drinking behaviors. Dr. Potenza has consulted for Rivermend Health, Opiant Therapeutics, Addiction Policy Forum, Game Day Data and AXA; has received research support (to Yale) from Mohegan Sun Casino and the National Center for Responsible Gaming; has participated in surveys, mailings or telephone consultations related to drug addiction, impulse-control disorders or other health topics; has consulted for and\/or advised gambling and legal entities on issues related to impulse-control\/addictive disorders; has provided clinical care in a problem gambling services program; has performed grant reviews for research-funding agencies; has edited journals and journal sections; has given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events, and other clinical or scientific venues; and has generated books or book chapters for publishers of mental health texts. Dr. Mayes reports no disclosures. Dr. Crowley received grant funding from the NIH (T32 MH018268).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Yale Human Investigation Committee and followed the code of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}