{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T20:35:10Z","timestamp":1788122110849,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Ment Health Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01155-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T14:02:08Z","timestamp":1694786528000},"page":"1070-1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Testing the Relationships Between Multiple Domains of Substance Use-Related Stigma and Depression Among a Sample of Young (18\u201330-Year-Old) People Who Inject Drugs in the Greater Chicago Area"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3071-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Nowlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy Avila","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basmattee","family":"Boodram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement_5","key":"1155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S401","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa238","volume":"222","author":"M Adams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adams, M., Sionean, C., Broz, D., Lewis, R., & Wejnert, C. (2020). Serious mental illness among young people who inject drugs: An assessment of injection risks and healthcare use. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(Supplement_5), S401\u2013S409.","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"1155_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745545","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.745545","volume":"9","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Saqlain, M., Umair, M. M., Hashmi, F. K., Saeed, H., Amer, M., Blebil, A. Q., & Dujaili, J. A. (2021). Stigma, social support, illicit drug use, and other predictors of anxiety and depression among HIV\/AIDS patients in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 745545.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1155_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/24750573.2018.1478190","volume":"28","author":"EM Akda\u011f","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akda\u011f, E. M., Kotan, V. O., Kose, S., T\u0131k\u0131r, B., Aydemir, M. \u00c7., Okay, \u0130. T., G\u00f6ka, E., & \u00d6zkaya, G. (2018). The relationship between internalized stigma and treatment motivation, perceived social support, depression and anxiety levels in opioid use disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28(4), 394\u2013401.","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1155_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30622-6","volume":"10","author":"EM Andresen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(2), 77\u201384.","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"1155_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.007","volume":"134","author":"F Bartoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bartoli, F., Carr\u00e0, G., Brambilla, G., Carretta, D., Crocamo, C., Neufeind, J., et al. (2014). Association between depression and non-fatal overdoses among drug users: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and alcohol dependence, 134, 12\u201321.","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"1155_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2020.1718264","volume":"38","author":"AH Bayat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bayat, A. H., Mohammadi, R., Moradi-Joo, M., Bayani, A., Ahounbar, E., Higgs, P., Hemmat, M., Haghgoo, A., & Armoon, B. (2020). HIV and drug related stigma and risk-taking behaviors among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 38(1), 71\u201383.","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"key":"1155_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.097","volume":"252","author":"MD Birtel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birtel, M. D., Wood, L., & Kempa, N. J. (2017). Stigma and social support in substance abuse: Implications for mental health and well-being. Psychiatry Research, 252, 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"1155_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113481998","volume":"20","author":"T Bj\u00f6rgvinsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rgvinsson, T., Kertz, S. J., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., McCoy, K. L., & Aderka, I. M. (2013). Psychometric properties of the CES-D-10 in a psychiatric sample. Assessment, 20(4), 429\u2013436.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"1155_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0248850","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248850","volume":"17","author":"B Boodram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boodram, B., Mackesy-Amiti, M. E., Khanna, A., Brickman, B., Dahari, H., & Ozik, J. (2022). People who inject drugs in metropolitan Chicago: A meta-analysis of data from 1997-2017 to inform interventions and computational modeling toward hepatitis C microelimination. PLOS One, 17(1), e0248850.","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"1155_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.042","volume":"154","author":"B Boodram","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boodram, B., Mackesy-Amiti, M. E., & Latkin, C. (2015). The role of social networks and geography on risky injection behaviors of young persons who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 229\u2013235.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"1155_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(99)00084-7","volume":"18","author":"RS Brienza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brienza, R. S., Stein, M. D., Chen, M. H., Gogineni, A., Sobota, M., Maksad, J., Hu, P., & Clarke, J. (2000). Depression among needle exchange program and methadone maintenance clients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(4), 331\u2013337.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"12","key":"1155_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1188951","volume":"51","author":"E Cama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cama, E., Brener, L., Wilson, H., & von Hippel, C. (2016). Internalized stigma among people who inject drugs. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(12), 1664\u20131668.","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"1155_CR13","volume-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the US top 100,000 annually","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Drug overdose deaths in the US top 100,000 annually. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm"},{"issue":"4","key":"1155_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02118.x","volume":"103","author":"KR Conner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Conner, K. R., Pinquart, M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2008). Meta-analysis of depression and substance use and impairment among intravenous drug users (IDUs). Addiction, 103(4), 524\u2013534.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"1155_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0116","volume":"69","author":"SB Daughters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daughters, S. B., Braun, A. R., Sargeant, M. N., Reynolds, E. K., Hopko, D. R., Blanco, C., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008). Effectiveness of a brief behavioral treatment for inner-city illicit drug users with elevated depressive symptoms: the life enhancement treatment for substance use (LETS Act!). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(1), 122.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1155_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000744","volume":"75","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Earnshaw, V. A. (2020). Stigma and substance use disorders: A clinical, research, and advocacy agenda. American Psychologist, 75(9), 1300.","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"9","key":"1155_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019686","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686","volume":"3","author":"CK Ettman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ettman, C. K., Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Sampson, L., Vivier, P. M., & Galea, S. (2020). Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Ppen, 3(9), e2019686\u2013e2019686.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Ppen"},{"key":"1155_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100091","volume":"5","author":"CK Ettman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., Abdalla, S. M., Sampson, L., Trinquart, L., Castrucci, B. C., Bork, R. H., Clark, M. A., Wilson, I., Vivier, P. M., & Galea, S. (2022). Persistent depressive symptoms during COVID-19: A national, population-representative, longitudinal study of US adults. The Lancet Regional Health-Americas, 5, 100091.","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health-Americas"},{"key":"1155_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.02.001","volume":"43","author":"CK Ettman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., & Galea, S. (2020). Is wealth associated with depressive symptoms in the United States? Annals of Epidemiology, 43, 25\u201331.","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"key":"1155_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108589","volume":"221","author":"C Fong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fong, C., Mateu-Gelabert, P., Ciervo, C., Eckhardt, B., Aponte-Melendez, Y., Kapadia, S., & Marks, K. (2021). Medical provider stigma experienced by people who use drugs (MPS-PWUD): Development and validation of a scale among people who currently inject drugs in New York City. Drug and alcohol dependence, 221, 108589.","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"issue":"6","key":"1155_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2005.06.006","volume":"27","author":"J Golden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Golden, J., O'Dwyer, A. M., & Conroy, R. M. (2005). Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis C: Prevalence, detection rates and risk factors. General Hospital Psychiatry, 27(6), 431\u2013438.","journal-title":"General Hospital Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1155_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.05.014","volume":"63","author":"RD Goodwin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goodwin, R. D., Dierker, L. C., Wu, M., Galea, S., Hoven, C. W., & Weinberger, A. H. (2022). Trends in US depression prevalence from 2015 to 2020: The widening treatment gap. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 63(5), 726\u2013733.","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"1155_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069","volume":"103","author":"ML Hatzenbuehler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 813\u2013821.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1155_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12273","volume":"47","author":"AG Horwitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horwitz, A. G., Berona, J., Czyz, E. K., Yeguez, C. E., & King, C. A. (2017). Positive and negative expectations of hopelessness as longitudinal predictors of depression, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior in high-risk adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 47(2), 168\u2013176.","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"issue":"10159","key":"1155_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","volume":"392","author":"SL James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James, S. L., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., & Abdollahpour, I. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1789\u20131858.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1155_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458","volume":"78","author":"I Kawachi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78, 458\u2013467.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"1155_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9753-z","volume":"90","author":"C Latkin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Latkin, C., Davey-Rothwell, M., Yang, J. Y., & Crawford, N. (2013). The relationship between drug user stigma and depression among inner-city drug users in Baltimore, MD. Journal of Urban Health, 90, 147\u2013156.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1155_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.004","volume":"110","author":"C Latkin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Latkin, C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Yang, C., Johnson, S., Solomon, S. S., Kumar, S., Celentano, D. D., & Solomon, S. (2010). The relationship between drug use stigma and HIV injection risk behaviors among injection drug users in Chennai, India. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(3), 221\u2013227.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"7","key":"1155_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00010-5","volume":"18","author":"PM Lewinsohn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1998). Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(7), 765\u2013794.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"1155_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02964-8","volume":"21","author":"F Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, F., Luo, S., Mu, W., Li, Y., Ye, L., Zheng, X., Xu, B., Ding, Y., Ling, P., Zhou, M., & Chen, X. (2021). Effects of sources of social support and resilience on the mental health of different age groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 1\u201314.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"1155_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1621","volume":"52","author":"BG Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621\u20131626.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"1155_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-100101849","volume":"25","author":"W Mandell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mandell, W., Kim, J., Latkin, C., & Suh, T. (1999). Depressive symptoms, drug network, and their synergistic effect on needle-sharing behavior among street injection drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(1), 117\u2013127.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"1155_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1710207","volume":"55","author":"L Miller-Lloyd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller-Lloyd, L., Landry, J., Macmadu, A., Allard, I., & Waxman, M. (2020). Barriers to healthcare for people who inject drugs: A survey at a syringe exchange program. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(6), 896\u2013899.","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"1155_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics, 138(6).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1878"},{"key":"1155_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00399-8","volume":"17","author":"B Muncan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muncan, B., Walters, S. M., Ezell, J., & Ompad, D. C. (2020). \u201cThey look at us like junkies\u201d: Influences of drug use stigma on the healthcare engagement of people who inject drugs in New York City. Harm Reduction Journal, 17, 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"1155_CR36","volume-title":"Ending discrimination against people with mental and substance use disorders: The evidence for stigma change","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2016","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Ending discrimination against people with mental and substance use disorders: The evidence for stigma change. National Academies Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"1155_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.328","volume":"133","author":"JE Pachankis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"1155_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.15.1.81.23842","volume":"15","author":"T Perdue","year":"2003","unstructured":"Perdue, T., Hagan, H., Thiede, H., & Valleroy, L. (2003). Depression and HIV risk behavior among Seattle-area injection drug users and young men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(1), 81\u201392.","journal-title":"AIDS Education and Prevention"},{"issue":"2","key":"1155_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9554.1000337","volume":"7","author":"N Raiker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raiker, N., Aouthmany, M., & Ezra, N. (2016). Dermatologic signs and symptoms of substance abuse. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Dermatology Research, 7(2), 337.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical & Experimental Dermatology Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1155_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716632503","volume":"61","author":"\u00c9 Roy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roy, \u00c9., Arruda, N., Bruneau, J., & Jutras-Aswad, D. (2016). Epidemiology of injection drug use: New trends and prominent issues. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(3), 136\u2013144.","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1155_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2011.579990","volume":"16","author":"L Sherr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sherr, L., Clucas, C., Harding, R., Sibley, E., & Catalan, J. (2011). HIV and depression\u2013a systematic review of interventions. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16(5), 493\u2013527.","journal-title":"Psychology, Health & Medicine"},{"key":"1155_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.019","volume":"162","author":"LR Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith, L. R., Earnshaw, V. A., Copenhaver, M. M., & Cunningham, C. O. (2016). Substance use stigma: Reliability and validity of a theory-based scale for substance- using populations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 162, 34\u201343.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"9","key":"1155_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.9.1659","volume":"160","author":"MD Stein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stein, M. D., Solomon, D. A., Herman, D. S., Anderson, B. J., & Miller, I. (2003). Depression severity and drug injection HIV risk behaviors. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(9), 1659\u20131662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.9.1659","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1155_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00645-3","volume":"99","author":"B Tempalski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tempalski, B., Williams, L. D., Kolak, M., Ompad, D. C., Koschinsky, J., & McLafferty, S. L. (2022). Conceptualizing the socio-built environment: An expanded theoretical framework to promote a better understanding of risk for nonmedical opioid overdose outcomes in urban and non-urban settings. Journal of Urban Health, 99(4), 701\u2013716.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"1155_CR45","volume-title":"Major depression","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2022","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). Major depression. National Institute of Mental Health. https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression"},{"key":"1155_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.036","volume":"76","author":"C von Hippel","year":"2018","unstructured":"von Hippel, C., Brener, L., & Horwitz, R. (2018). Implicit and explicit internalized stigma: Relationship with risky behaviors, psychosocial functioning and healthcare access among people who inject drugs. Addictive Behaviors, 76, 305\u2013311.","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1155_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20921","volume":"21","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wang, Q., Davis, P. B., Volkow, N. D., & Xu, R. (2022). Increased risk for COVID-19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated patients with substance use disorders in the United States between December 2020 and August 2021. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 124\u2013132.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1155_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12280","volume":"63","author":"LD Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams, L. D., Aber, J. L., & SIZE Research Group. (2019). The multilevel relationships of HIV-related stigma to child and caregiver mental health among HIV-affected households in South Africa. American Journal of Community Psychology, 63(1-2), 3\u201316.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1155_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095351","volume":"19","author":"LD Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams, L. D., Lee, E., Latkin, C., Mackesy-Amiti, M. E., Kaufmann, M., Copulsky, E., Kaplan, C., & Boodram, B. (2022). Economic challenges and behavioral and mental health risks for overdose during the COVID-19 pandemic among people who inject drugs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5351.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"1155_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108626","volume":"221","author":"LD Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams, L. D., Mackesy-Amiti, M. E., Latkin, C., & Boodram, B. (2021). Drug use-related stigma, safer injection norms, and hepatitis C infection among a network-based sample of young people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 221, 108626.","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"1155_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109568","volume":"152","author":"JM Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson, J. M., Weiss, A., & Shook, N. J. (2020). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and savoring: Factors that explain the relation between perceived social support and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109568.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"1155_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00288-0","volume":"15","author":"J Zwick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zwick, J., Appleseth, H., & Arndt, S. (2020). Stigma: How it affects the substance use disorder patient. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 15, 1\u20134.","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11469-023-01155-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11469-023-01155-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11469-023-01155-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T12:39:01Z","timestamp":1745930341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11469-023-01155-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-023-01155-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1874","1557-1882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have obtained ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board at the University of Illinois at Chicago (Protocol # 2017-0388) where the research entailed animal or human participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}