{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:04:16Z","timestamp":1790060656145,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,10]],"date-time":"2013-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9430-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T16:29:32Z","timestamp":1357748972000},"page":"323-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Differential Expression of Intracellular and Extracellular CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Protein by Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Julie T.","family":"Castaneda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airi","family":"Harui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia M.","family":"Kiertscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9430_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-007-9088-9","volume":"3","author":"M Agudelo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agudelo M, Newton C, Widen R, Sherwood T, Nong L, Friedman H, Klein TW (2008) Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) mediates immunoglobulin class switching from IgM to IgE in cultures of murine-purified B lymphocytes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 3:35\u201342","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.074013","volume":"81","author":"B Atwood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Atwood B, Wager-Miller J, Haskins C, Straiker A, Mackie K (2012) Functional selectivity in CB2 receptor signaling and regulation: implications for the therapeutic potential of CB2 ligands. Mol Pharmacol 81:250\u2013263","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8210-5","volume":"51","author":"S Basu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Basu S, Dittel BN (2011) Unraveling the complexities of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) immune regulation in health and disease. Immunol Res 51:26\u201338","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"9430_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17910.x","volume":"214","author":"M Bouaboula","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bouaboula M, Rinaldi M, Carayon P, Carillon C, Delpech B, Shire D, Le Fur G, Casellas P (1993) Cannabinoid-receptor expression in human leukocytes. Eur J Biochem 214:173\u2013180","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"9430_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29166","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.217463","volume":"286","author":"GC Brailoiu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brailoiu GC, Oprea TI, Zhao P, Abood ME, Brailoiu E (2011) Intracellular CB1 cannabinoid receptors are activated by anandamide. J Biol Chem 286:29166\u201329174","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"9430_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.10.3605","volume":"92","author":"P Carayon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carayon P, Marchand J, Dussossoy D, Derocq JM, Jbilo O, Bord A, Bouaboula M, Galiegue S, Mondiere P, Penarier G, Le Fur G, Defrance T, Casellas P (1998) Modulation and functional involvement of CB2 peripheral cannabinoid receptors during B-cell differentiation. Blood 92:3605\u20133615","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"9430_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008688","volume":"5","author":"MT Cencioni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cencioni MT, Chiurchi\u00f9 V, Catanzaro G, Borsellino G, Bernardi G, Battistini L, Maccarrone M (2010) Anandamide suppresses proliferation and cytokine release from primary human T-lymphocytes mainly via CB2 receptors. PLoS One 5:e8688","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9430_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790980087","volume":"17","author":"E Dainese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dainese E, Oddi S, Maccarrone M (2010) Interaction of endocannabinoid receptors with biological membranes. Curr Med Chem 17:1487\u20131499","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"9430_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2373","volume":"173","author":"Y Do","year":"2004","unstructured":"Do Y, McKallip RJ, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS (2004) Activation through cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 on dendritic cells triggers NF-kappaB-dependent apoptosis: novel role for endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids in immunoregulation. J Immunol 173:2373\u20132382","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"9430_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20780.x","volume":"232","author":"S Gali\u00e8gue","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gali\u00e8gue S, Mary S, Marchand J, Dussossoy D, Carri\u00e8re D, Carayon P, Bouaboula M, Shire D, Le Fur G, Casellas P (1995) Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Biochem 232:54\u201361","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"9430_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9225-8","volume":"5","author":"S Gorantla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorantla S, Makarov E, Roy D, Finke-Dwyer J, Murrin LC, Gendelman HE, Poluektova L (2010) Immunoregulation of a CB2 receptor agonist in a murine model of neuroAIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharm 5:456\u2013468","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharm"},{"key":"9430_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201002300103","volume":"23","author":"ES Graham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Graham ES, Angel CE, Schwarcz LE, Dunbar PR, Glass M (2010) Detailed characterisation of CB2 receptor protein expression in peripheral blood immune cells from healthy human volunteers using flow cytometry. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 23:25\u201334","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.05.010","volume":"1813","author":"NL Grimsey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grimsey NL, Goodfellow CE, Dragunow M, Glass M (2011) Cannabinoid receptor 2 undergoes Rab5-mediated internalization and recycles via a Rab11-dependent pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta 1813:1554\u20131560","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"9430_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707531","volume":"153","author":"J Guindon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guindon J, Hohmann AG (2008) Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 153:319\u2013334","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_2","volume":"168","author":"AC Howlett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Howlett AC (2005) Cannabinoid receptor signaling. Handb Exp Pharmacol 168:53\u201379","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.07.010","volume":"331","author":"F Jean-Alphonse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jean-Alphonse F, Hanyaloglu AC (2011) Regulation of GPCR signal networks via membrane trafficking. Mol Cell Endocrinol 331:205\u2013214","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"9430_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6461","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6461","volume":"164","author":"TW Klein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Klein TW, Newton CA, Nakachi N, Friedman H (2000) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment suppresses immunity and early IFN-gamma, IL-12, and IL-12 receptor beta 2 responses to Legionella pneumophila infection. J Immunol 164:6461\u20136466","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"9430_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1602","volume":"5","author":"TW Klein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klein TW (2005) Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Nat Rev Immunol 5:400\u2013411","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"9430_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-005-9007-x","volume":"1","author":"TW Klein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klein TW, Cabral GA (2006) Cannabinoid-induced immune suppression and modulation of antigen-presenting cells. J Neuroimmune Pharm 1:50\u201364","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharm"},{"key":"9430_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01685.x","volume":"20","author":"F Mach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mach F, Steffens S (2008) The role of the endocannabinoid system in atherosclerosis. J Neuroendocrinol 20:S53\u2013S57","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"9430_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141254","volume":"46","author":"B Mackie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mackie B (2006) Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 46:101\u2013122","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"9430_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160105897","volume":"97","author":"AM Malfait","year":"2000","unstructured":"Malfait AM, Gallily R, Sumariwalla PF, Malik AS, Andreakos E, Mechoulam R, Feldmann M (2000) The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. PNAS 97:9561\u20139566","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"9430_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.033506","volume":"302","author":"RJ McKallip","year":"2002","unstructured":"McKallip RJ, Lombard C, Martin BR, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS (2002) Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced apoptosis in the thymus and spleen as a mechanism of immunosuppression in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:451\u2013465","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"9430_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3281","volume":"174","author":"RJ McKallip","year":"2005","unstructured":"McKallip RJ, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS (2005) Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances breast cancer growth and metastasis by suppression of the antitumor immune response. J Immunol 174:3281\u20133289","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"9430_CR25","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents","author":"R Mechoulam","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mechoulam R (1986) The pharmacohistory of Cannabis sativa. In: Mechoulam R (ed) Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1\u201319"},{"key":"9430_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","volume":"365","author":"S Munro","year":"1993","unstructured":"Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M (1993) Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365:61\u201365","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9430_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-008-9126-2","volume":"4","author":"CA Newton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Newton CA, Chou PJ, Perkins I, Klein TW (2009) CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors mediate different aspects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced T helper cell shift following immune activation by Legionella pneumophila infection. J Neuroimmune Pharm 4:92\u2013102","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharm"},{"key":"9430_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706406","volume":"147","author":"RG Pertwee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pertwee RG (2006) Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66\u00a0years. Br J Pharmacol 147:S163\u2013S171","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.014","volume":"77","author":"MD Roth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roth MD, Tashkin DP, Whittaker KM, Choi R, Baldwin GC (2005) Tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses immune function and enhances HIV replication in the huPBL-SCID mouse. Life Sci 77:1711\u20131722","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"9430_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2010.01130.x","volume":"12","author":"R Rozenfeld","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rozenfeld R (2011) Type I cannabinoid receptor trafficking: all roads lead to lysosome. Traffic 12:12\u201318","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"9430_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.05.001","volume":"231","author":"T Sarafian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sarafian T, Montes C, Harui A, Beedanagari SR, Kiertscher S, Stripecke R, Hossepian D, Kitchen C, Kern R, Belperio J, Roth MD (2008) Clarifying CB2 receptor-dependent and independent effects of THC on human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 231:282\u2013290","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.8034","volume":"142","author":"AR Schatz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schatz AR, Lee M, Condie RB, Pulaski JT, Kaminski NE (1997) Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2: a characterization of expression and adenylate cyclase modulation within the immune system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 142:278\u2013287","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"9430_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1086\/368370","volume":"187","author":"A Shay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shay A, Choi R, Whittaker K, Salehi K, Tashkin DP, Roth MD, Baldwin GC (2003) Impairment of antimicrobial activity and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages from smokers of marijuana and cocaine. J Infect Dis 187:700\u2013704","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"9430_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(96)00047-4","volume":"1307","author":"D Shire","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shire D, Calandra B, Rinaldi-Carmona M, Oustric D, Pessegue B, Bonnin-Cabanne O, Le Fur G, Caput D, Ferrara P (1996) Molecular cloning, expression and function of the murine CB2 peripheral cannabinoid receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1307:132\u2013136","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"9430_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0205111","volume":"78","author":"JC Sipe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sipe JC, Arbour N, Gerber A, Beutler E (2005) Reduced endocannabinoid immune modulation by a common cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor gene polymorphism: possible risk for autoimmune disorders. J Leukoc Biol 78:231\u2013238","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"9430_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(98)00041-1","volume":"40","author":"MD Srivastava","year":"1998","unstructured":"Srivastava MD, Srivastava BIS, Brouhard B (1998) \u03949 Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine production by human immune cells. Immunopharmacology 40:179\u2013185","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"9430_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)23000-2","volume":"255","author":"BF Thomas","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thomas BF, Compton DR, Martin BR (1990) Characterization of the lipophilicity of natural and synthetic analogs of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its relationship to pharmacological potency. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:624\u2013630","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"9430_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00370-3","volume":"133","author":"M Yuan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yuan M, Kiertscher SM, Cheng Q, Zoumalan R, Tashkin DP, Roth MD (2002) \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol regulates Th1\/Th2 cytokine balance in activated human T-cells. J Neuroimmunol 133:124\u2013131","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"9430_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.1.373","volume":"165","author":"LX Zhu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhu LX, Sharma S, Stolina M, Gardner B, Roth MD, Tashkin DP, Dubinett SM (2000) Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits antitumor immunity by a CB2 receptor-mediated, cytokine-dependent pathway. J Immunol 165:373\u2013380","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-012-9430-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11481-012-9430-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-012-9430-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T16:36:45Z","timestamp":1745944605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11481-012-9430-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-012-9430-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1890","1557-1904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1890","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,10]]}}}