{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:14:19Z","timestamp":1789524859212,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9569-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,27]],"date-time":"2014-10-27T22:34:22Z","timestamp":1414449262000},"page":"14-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Ginseng in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Burgos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fernandez-Moriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Pilar","family":"G\u00f3mez-Serranillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9569_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2004.6.3\/galexander","volume":"6","author":"GE Alexander","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alexander GE (2004) Biology of Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 6:259\u2013280","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"9569_CR2","first-page":"25","volume":"12","author":"P Anglade","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anglade P, Vyas S, Javoy-Agid F, Herrero MT, Michel PP, Marquez J, Mouatt-Prigent A, Ruberg M, Hirsch EC, Agid Y (1997) Apoptosis and autophagy in nigral neurons of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Histol Histopathol 12:25\u201331","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"9569_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.25.58","volume":"25","author":"E Bae","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bae E, Han MJ, Choo M, Park S, Kim D (2002) Metabolism of 20(S)-and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vitro biological activities. Biol Pharm Bull 25:58\u201363","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"9569_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.1","volume":"37","author":"IH Baeg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baeg IH, So SH (2013) The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea). J Ginseng Res 37:1\u20137","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"9569_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-011-9333-0","volume":"7","author":"CA Beamer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beamer CA, Shepherd DM (2012) Inhibition of TLR ligand- and interferon gamma-induced murine microglial activation by Panax notoginseng. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 7:465\u2013476","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"9569_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(11)70008-6","volume":"18","author":"D B\u00e9raud","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00e9raud D, Maguire-Zeiss KA (2012) Misfolded \u03b1-synuclein and Toll-like receptors: therapeutic targets for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18(Suppl1):S17\u2013S20","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"9569_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00080","volume":"5","author":"D B\u00e9raud","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00e9raud D, Twomey M, Bloom B, Mittereder A, Ton V, Neitzke K, Chasovskikh S, Mhyre TR, Maguire-Zeiss KA (2011) \u03b1-Synuclein alters toll-like receptor expression. Front Neurosci 5:80","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"9569_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"RL Beyfuss","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beyfuss RL (1999) American ginseng production in woodlots. Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC) 3:1\u20134","journal-title":"Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC)"},{"key":"9569_CR9","unstructured":"Blumenthal M, Brinckmann J, Wollschlaeger B (2003) The ABC clinical guide to Herbs. New York, NY"},{"key":"9569_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-010-1023-z","volume":"149","author":"EV Bocharov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bocharov EV, Ivanova-Smolenskaya IA, Poleshchuk VV, Kucheryanu VG, Il\u2019enko VA, Bocharova OA (2010) Therapeutic efficacy of the neuroprotective plant adaptogen in neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson\u2019s disease as an example). Bull Exp Biol Med 149:682\u2013684","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"9569_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.10.003","volume":"29","author":"MO Bostanci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bostanci MO, Bagirici F (2008) Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition attenuates iron-induced neurotoxicity: a stereological study. Neurotoxicology 29:130\u2013135","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"9569_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","volume":"5","author":"KR Chaudhuri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH (2006) Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 5:235\u2013245","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR13","first-page":"829","volume":"23","author":"XC Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen XC, Chen Y, Zhu YG, Fang F, Chen LM (2002) Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against MPTP-induced apoptosis in mouse substantia nigra neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin 23:829\u2013834","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"9569_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01945-9","volume":"473","author":"XC Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen XC, Zhu YG, Zhu LA, Huang C, Chen Y, Chen LM, Fang F, Zhou YC, Zhao CH (2003) Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates dopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol 473:1\u20137","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2005.00019.x","volume":"26","author":"XC Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen XC, Zhou YC, Chen Y, Zhu YG, Fang F, Chen LM (2005) Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces MPTP-induced substantia nigra neuron loss by suppressing oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin 26:56\u201362","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"9569_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2012.711758","volume":"27","author":"F Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen F, Luo J, Kong L (2013) Determination of 10 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng of different harvest times based on HPLC fingerprints and principal component analysis. Nat Prod Res 27:851\u2013854","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"9569_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x","volume":"29","author":"KT Choi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Choi KT (2008) Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C A Meyer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 29:1109\u20131118","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"9569_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(08)00401-4","volume":"55","author":"LP Christensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christensen LP (2009) Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv Food Nutr Res 55:1\u201399","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"9569_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps96-144","volume":"76","author":"WA Court","year":"1996","unstructured":"Court WA, Reynolds LB, Hendel JG (1996) Influence of root age on the concentration of ginsenosides of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Can J Plant Sci 76:853\u2013855","journal-title":"Can J Plant Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.35.3.365","volume":"35","author":"E Critchley","year":"1972","unstructured":"Critchley E (1972) Clinical manifestations of essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35:365\u2013372","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"9569_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.91.4.540","volume":"91","author":"JM Cruse-Sanders","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cruse-Sanders JM, Hamrick JL (2004) Genetic diversity in harvested and protected populations of wild American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae). Am J Bot 91:540\u2013548","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"9569_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.018","volume":"62","author":"DT Dexter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dexter DT, Jenner P (2013) Parkinson disease: from pathology to molecular disease mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 62:132\u2013144","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"9569_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00099-2","volume":"23","author":"DA Monte Di","year":"2002","unstructured":"Di Monte DA, Lavasani M, Manning-Bog AB (2002) Environmental factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurotoxicology 23:487\u2013502","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"9569_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.027003","volume":"64","author":"FD Dick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dick FD, De Palma G, Ahmadi A, Scott NW, Prescott GJ, Bennett J, Semple S, Dick S, Counsell C, Mozzoni P, Haites N, Wettinger SB, Mutti A, Otelea M, Seaton A, S\u00f6derkvist P, Felice A (2007) Environmental risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: the Geoparkinson study. Occup Environ Med 64:666\u2013672","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"9569_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.3","volume":"19","author":"G Drui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drui G, Carnicella S, Carcenac C, Favier M, Bertrand A, Boulet S, Savasta M (2014) Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons accounts for the motivational and affective deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol Psychiatry 19:358\u2013367","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9569_CR26","first-page":"307","volume":"45","author":"RC Duvoisin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Duvoisin RC (1987) Genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Adv Neurol 45:307\u2013312","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25675","volume":"28","author":"G Ebersbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ebersbach G, Moreau C, Gandor F, Defebvre L, Devos D (2013) Clinical syndromes: Parkinsonian gait. Mov Disord 28:1552\u20131559","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"9569_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199603000-00001","volume":"55","author":"LS Forno","year":"1996","unstructured":"Forno LS (1996) Neuropathology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55:259\u2013272","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2004.07.039","volume":"12","author":"N Fuzzati","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fuzzati N (2004) Analysis methods of ginsenosides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 12:119\u2013133","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06051.x","volume":"109","author":"QG Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao QG, Chen WF, Xie JX, Wong MS (2009) Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells via IGF-I receptor and estrogen receptor pathways. J Neurochem 109:1338\u20131347","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9569_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge KL, Chen WF, Xie JX, Wong MS (2010) Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in MES23.5 cells via Akt and ERK signaling pathways. J Ethnopharmacol 127:118\u2013123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.09.038"},{"key":"9569_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00509-9","volume":"114","author":"BI Giasson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giasson BI, Lee VM (2003) Are ubiquitination pathways central to Parkinson\u2019s disease? Cell 114:1\u20138","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9569_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5493.985","volume":"290","author":"BI Giasson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Giasson BI, Duda JE, Murray IV, Chen Q, Souza JM, Hurtig HI, Ischiropoulos H, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2000) Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions. Science 290:985\u2013989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9569_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2012.17.3.203","volume":"17","author":"Y Gui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gui Y, Gil SK, Ryu GH (2012) Effects of extrusion conditions on the physicochemical properties of extruded red ginseng. Prev Nutr Food Sci 17:203\u2013209","journal-title":"Prev Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12046","volume":"33","author":"SI Gum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gum SI, Cho MK (2013) Korean red ginseng extract prevents APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through metabolic enzyme regulation: the role of ginsenoside Rg3, a protopanaxadiol. Liver Int 33:1071\u20131084","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"9569_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.04.001","volume":"102","author":"PJ Hallett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hallett PJ, Standaert DG (2004) Rationale for and use of NMDA receptor antagonists in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Pharmacol Ther 102:155\u2013174","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"9569_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.08.022","volume":"526","author":"B He","year":"2012","unstructured":"He B, Chen P, Yang J, Yun Y, Zhang X, Yang R, Shen Z (2012) Neuroprotective effect of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 526:106\u2013111","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9569_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07478.x","volume":"991","author":"EC Hirsch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hirsch EC, Breidert T, Rousselet E, Hunot S, Hartmann A, Michel PP (2003) The role of glial reaction and inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 991:214\u2013228","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6804-z","volume":"260","author":"L Horsfall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horsfall L, Petersen I, Walters K, Schrag A (2013) Time trends in incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis in UK primary care. J Neurol 260:1351\u20131357","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR40","first-page":"123","volume":"5","author":"JP Hou","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hou JP (1977) The chemical constituents of ginseng plants. Comp Med East West 5:123\u2013145","journal-title":"Comp Med East West"},{"key":"9569_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.02.017","volume":"135","author":"S Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu S, Han R, Mak S, Han Y (2011) Protection against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis by water extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in SH-SY5Y cells. J Ethnopharmacol 135:34\u201342","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.09.009","volume":"242","author":"YP Hwang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hwang YP, Jeong HG (2010) Ginsenoside Rb1 protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress by increasing heme oxygenase-1 expression through an estrogen receptor-related PI3K\/Akt\/Nrf2-dependent pathway in human dopaminergic cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 242:18\u201328","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10483","volume":"53","author":"P Jenner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jenner P (2003) Oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 53:S26\u2013S36","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709788682146","volume":"16","author":"L Jia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jia L, Zhao Y (2009) Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine\u2014ginseng (I): etymology, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, market and regulations. Curr Med Chem 16:2475\u20132484","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"9569_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709788803204","volume":"16","author":"L Jia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jia L, Zhao Y, Liang XJ (2009) Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine- ginseng (II): Collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine. Curr Med Chem 16:2924\u20132942","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"9569_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00421-4","volume":"180","author":"F Jiang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jiang F, DeSilva S, Turnbull J (2000) Beneficial effect of ginseng root in SOD-1 (G93A) transgenic mice. J Neurol Sci 180:52\u201354","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01972376","volume":"15","author":"YH Jie","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jie YH, Cammisuli S, Baggiolini M (1984) Immunomodulatory effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer in the mouse. Agents Actions 15:386\u2013391","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"9569_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(00)00107-6","volume":"36","author":"T Kakizoe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kakizoe T (2000) Asian studies of cancer chemoprevention: latest clinical results. Eur J Cancer 36:1303\u20131309","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"9569_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23746","volume":"73","author":"LV Kalia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kalia LV, Kalia SK, McLean PJ, Lozano AM, Lang AE (2013) \u03b1-Synuclein oligomers and clinical implications for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 73:155\u2013169","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.54.447","volume":"54","author":"B Kenarova","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kenarova B, Neychev H, Hadjiivanova C, Petkov VD (1990) Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Jpn J Pharmacol 54:447\u2013454","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2012.36.1.1","volume":"36","author":"DH Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim DH (2012) Chemical diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 36:1\u201315","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"9569_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979009019672","volume":"12","author":"JY Kim","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kim JY, Germolec DR, Luster MI (1990) Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 12:257\u2013276","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"9569_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957724","volume":"63","author":"HJ Kim","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Chun YJ, Park JD, Kim SI, Roh JK, Jeong TC (1997) Protection of rat liver microsomes against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation by redginseng saponin through cytochrome P450 inhibition. Planta Med 63:415\u2013418","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"9569_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13782","DOI":"10.1021\/bi026284c","volume":"41","author":"TD Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim TD, Paik SR, Yang CH (2002) Structural and functional implications of C-terminal regions of alpha-synuclein. Biochemistry 41:13782\u201313790","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"9569_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.1668","volume":"26","author":"EH Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim EH, Jang MH, Shin MC, Shin MS, Kim CJ (2003) Protective effect of aqueous extract of ginseng radix against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 26:1668\u20131673","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"9569_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2009.13.3.169","volume":"13","author":"MH Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim MH, Byon YY, Ko EJ, Song JY, Yun YS, Shin T, Joo HG (2009) Immunomodulatory activity of ginsan, a polysaccharide of Panax ginseng, on dendritic cells. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 13:169\u2013173","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2011.35.1.080","volume":"35","author":"S Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim S, Shim S, Choi DS, Kim JH, Kwon YB, Kwon J (2011) Modulation of LPS-stimulated astroglial activation by ginseng total saponins. J Ginseng Res 35:80\u201385","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"9569_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44109","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.408146","volume":"287","author":"KH Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim KH, Song K, Yoon SH, Shehzad O, Kim YS, Son JH (2012) Rescue of PINK1 protein null-specific mitochondrial complex IV deficits by ginsenoside Re activation of nitric oxide signaling. J Biol Chem 287:44109\u201344120","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"9569_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000550","volume":"3","author":"D Kitts","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kitts D, Hu C (2000) Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Public Health Nutr 3:473\u2013485","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"9569_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(85)90030-3","volume":"14","author":"C Konno","year":"1985","unstructured":"Konno C, Murakami M, Oshima Y, Hikino H (1985) Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans Q, R, S, T and U, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. J Ethnopharmacol 14:69\u201374","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320612","volume":"32","author":"D Krige","year":"1992","unstructured":"Krige D, Carroll MT, Cooper JM, Marsden CD, Schapira AH (1992) Platelet mitochondrial function in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 32:782\u2013788","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283547627","volume":"25","author":"KR Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar KR, Lohmann K, Klein C (2012) Genetics of Parkinson disease and other movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 25:466\u2013474","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang AE, Lozano AM (1998) Parkinson\u00b4s disease. N Eng J Med 339: 1044\u20131053","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810083391506"},{"key":"9569_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.026","volume":"52","author":"VM Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (2006) Mechanisms of Parkinson\u2019s disease linked to pathological alpha-synuclein: new targets for drug discovery. Neuron 52:33\u201338","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9569_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1149","volume":"18","author":"MS Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee MS, Yang EJ, Kim JI, Ernst E (2009) Ginseng for cognitive function in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 18:339\u2013344","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"9569_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-5-20","volume":"5","author":"KW Leung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leung KW, Wong AS (2010) Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature review. Chin Med 5:20","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"9569_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.10.001","volume":"52","author":"KW Leung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leung KW, Yung KK, Mak NK, Chan YS, Fan TP, Wong RN (2007) Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside-Rg1 in primary nigral neurons against rotenone toxicity. Neuropharmacology 52:827\u2013835","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"9569_CR68","unstructured":"Lewis WH (2003) Medical botany: plants affecting human health. USA"},{"key":"9569_CR69","first-page":"133","volume":"25","author":"YB Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li YB, Wang SL (2009) The effect of TSPG in vivo on transplantation of neural stem cells in treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 25:133\u2013137","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"9569_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1021\/ac000650l","volume":"72","author":"W Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li W, Gu C, Zhang H, Awang DVC, Fitzloff JF, Fong HHS, van Breemen RB (2000) Use of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to distinguish Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng). Anal Chem 72:5417\u20135422","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"9569_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.03.040","volume":"130","author":"J Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li J, Ichikawa T, Jin Y, Hofseth LJ, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Windust A, Cui T (2010) An essential role of Nrf2 in American ginseng-mediated anti-oxidative actions in cardiomyocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 130:222\u2013230","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-012-0717-3","volume":"35","author":"J Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li J, Shao ZH, Xie JT, Wang CZ, Ramachandran S, Yin JJ, Aung H, Li CQ, Qin G, Vanden Hoek T, Yuan CS (2012) The effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on JNK in oxidative injury in cardiomyocytes. Arch Pharm Res 35:1259\u20131267","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"9569_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.6.2453","volume":"15","author":"J Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li J, Wei Q, Zuo GW, Xia J, You ZM, Li CL, Chen DL (2014) Ginsenoside Rg1 induces apoptosis through inhibition of the EpoR-Mediated JAK2\/STAT5 signalling pathway in the TF-1\/ Epo human leukemia cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15:2453\u20132459","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"9569_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/109662004322984626","volume":"7","author":"TS Lim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lim TS, Na K, Choi EM, Chung JY, Hwang JK (2004) Immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng. J Med Food 7:1\u20136","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"9569_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8498","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051070y","volume":"53","author":"W Lim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lim W, Mudge KW, Vermeylen F (2005) Effects of population, age, and cultivation methods on ginsenoside content of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). J Agric Food Chem 53:8498\u20138505","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"9569_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2013.17.4.283","volume":"17","author":"KH Lim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lim KH, Kang CW, Choi JY, Kim JH (2013) Korean red ginseng induced cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia in Guinea Pig. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 17:283\u2013289","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-73574-9_13","volume":"72","author":"WM Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin WM, Zhang YM, Moldzio R, Rausch WD (2007) Ginsenoside Rd attenuates neuroinflammation of dopaminergic cells in culture. J Neural Transm Suppl 72:105\u2013112","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"9569_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.11.004","volume":"58","author":"Q Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu Q, Kou JP, Yu BY (2011) Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in PC12 cells via inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation. Neurochem Int 58:119\u2013125","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"9569_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.551644","volume":"26","author":"JP Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu JP, Wang F, Li PY, Lu D (2012) A new ocotillol-type triterpenoid saponin from red American ginseng. Nat Prod Res 26:731\u2013735","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"9569_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2174\/157016109788340767","volume":"7","author":"JM L\u00fc","year":"2009","unstructured":"L\u00fc JM, Yao Q, Chen C (2009) Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 7:293\u2013302","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908005106","volume":"106","author":"KC Luk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luk KC, Song C, O\u2019Brien P, Stieber A, Branch JR, Brunden KR, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2009) Exogenous alpha-synuclein fibrils seed the formation of Lewy body-like intracellular inclusions in cultured cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:20051\u201320056","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9569_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227157","volume":"16","author":"KC Luk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luk KC, Kehm V, Carroll J, Zhang B, O'Brien P, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2012a) Pathological \u03b1-synuclein transmission initiates Parkinson-like neurodegeneration in nontransgenic mice. Science 16:949\u2013953","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9569_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112457","volume":"209","author":"KC Luk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luk KC, Kehm VM, Zhang B, O'Brien P, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2012b) Intracerebral inoculation of pathological \u03b1-synuclein initiates a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative \u03b1-synucleinopathy in mice. J Exp Med 209:975\u2013986","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"9569_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.10.023","volume":"127","author":"FC Luo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Luo FC, Wang SD, Li K, Nakamura H, Yodoi J, Bai J (2010) Panaxatriol saponins extracted from Panax notoginseng induces thioredoxin-1 and prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol 127:419\u2013423","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.017","volume":"133","author":"FC Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo FC, Wang SD, Qi L, Song JY, Lv T, Bai J (2011) Protective effect of panaxatriol saponins extracted from Panax notoginseng against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol 133:448\u2013453","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","volume":"38","author":"PL McGeer","year":"1988","unstructured":"McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Boyes BE, McGeer EG (1988) Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains. Neurology 38:1285\u20131291","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9569_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00296-3","volume":"326","author":"KS McNaught","year":"2002","unstructured":"McNaught KS, Belizaire R, Jenner P, Olanow CW, Isacson O (2002) Selective loss of 20S proteasome \u03b1-subunits in the substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 326:155\u2013158","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9569_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.8050","volume":"179","author":"KS McNaught","year":"2003","unstructured":"McNaught KS, Belizaire R, Isacson O, Jenner P, Olanow CW (2003) Altered proteasomal function in sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Neurol 179:38\u201346","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20186","volume":"56","author":"KS McNaught","year":"2004","unstructured":"McNaught KS, Perl DP, Brownell AL, Olanow CW (2004) Systemic exposure to proteasome inhibitors causes a progressive model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 56:149\u2013162","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR90","author":"XB Meng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meng XB, Sun GB, Wang M, Sun J, Qin M, Sun XB (2013) P90RSK and Nrf2 activation via MEK1\/2-ERK1\/2 pathways mediated by notoginsenoside R2 to prevent 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptotic death in SH-SY5Y cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi: 10.1155\/2013\/971712","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"9569_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5416-4_16","volume":"65","author":"TR Mhyre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mhyre TR, Boyd JT, Hamill RW, Maguire-Zeiss KA (2012) Parkinson\u2019s disease. Subcell Biochem 65:389\u2013455","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"key":"9569_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2003.02265.x","volume":"87","author":"DJ Moore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moore DJ, Zhang L, Dawson TM, Dawson VL (2003) A missense mutation (L166P) in DJ-1, linked to familial Parkinson\u2019s disease, confers reduced protein stability and impairs homo-oligomerization. J Neurochem 87:1558\u20131567","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9569_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718","volume":"28","author":"DJ Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore DJ, West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (2005) Molecular pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:57\u201387","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"9569_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2006.09.006","volume":"6","author":"RL Mosley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mosley RL, Benner EJ, Kadiu I, Thomas M, Boska MD, Hasan K, Laurie C, Gendelmana HE (2006) Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Neurosci Res 6:261\u2013281","journal-title":"Clin Neurosci Res"},{"key":"9569_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e32835006f5","volume":"23","author":"AG Musende","year":"2012","unstructured":"Musende AG, Eberding A, Wood CA, Adomat H, Fazli L, Hurtado-Coll A, Jia W, Bally MB, Tomlinson Guns ES (2012) A novel oral dosage formulation of the ginsenoside aglycone protopanaxadiol exhibits therapeutic activity against a hormone-insensitive model of prostate cancer. Anticancer Drugs 23:543\u2013552","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"9569_CR96","first-page":"98","volume":"19","author":"SY Nah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nah SY (2014) Ginseng ginsenoside pharmacology in the nervous system: involvement in the regulation of ion channels and receptors. Front Physiol 19:98","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"9569_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(85)90140-5","volume":"16","author":"TB Ng","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ng TB, Yeung HW (1985) Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. Gen Pharmacol 16:549\u2013552","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olanow CV, Tatton WG (1999) Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson\u00b4s disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:123\u2013144","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.123"},{"key":"9569_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(85)90091-1","volume":"14","author":"Y Oshima","year":"1985","unstructured":"Oshima Y, Konno C, Hikino H (1985) Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans I, J, K and L, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. J Ethnopharmacol 14:255\u2013259","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1021\/np50050a010","volume":"50","author":"Y Oshima","year":"1987","unstructured":"Oshima Y, Sato K, Hikino H (1987) Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of quinquefolans A, B, and C, glycans of Panax quinquefolium roots. J Nat Prod 50:188\u2013190","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"9569_CR101","first-page":"3682","volume":"8","author":"J Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park J, Cho J (2009) Anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng and their structural analogs. Afr J Biotechnol 8:3682\u20133690","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"9569_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.37","volume":"37","author":"SJ Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park SJ, Lee JR, Jo MJ, Park SM, Ku SK, Kim SC (2013) Protective effects of Korean red ginseng extract on cadmium-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. J Ginseng Res 37:37\u201344","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"9569_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260606","volume":"26","author":"WD Parker Jr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Parker WD Jr, Boyson SJ, Parks JK (1989) Abnormalities of the electron transport chain in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 26:719\u2013723","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508215102","volume":"102","author":"C Perier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perier C, Tieu K, Guegan C, Caspersen C, Jackson-Lewis V, Carelli V (2005) Complex I deficiency primes Bax-dependent neuronal apoptosis through mitochondrial oxidative damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:19126\u201319131","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9569_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8161","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609874104","volume":"104","author":"C Perier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perier C, Bove J, Wu DC, Dehay B, Choi DK, Jackson-Lewis V, Rathke-Hartlieb S, Bouillet P, Strasser A, Schulz JB, Przedborski S, Vila M (2007) Two molecular pathways initiate mitochondria-dependent dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:8161\u20138166","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9569_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4074","volume":"16","author":"C Perier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perier C, Bov\u00e9 J, Vila M (2012) Mitochondria and programmed cell death in Parkinson\u2019s disease: apoptosis and beyond. Antioxid Redox Signal 16:883\u2013895","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"9569_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01125-X","volume":"36","author":"L Petrucelli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Petrucelli L, O\u2019Farrell C, Lockhart PJ, Baptista M, Kehoe K, Vink L, Choi P, Wolozin B, Farrer M, Hardy J, Cookson MR (2002) Parkin protects against the toxicity associated with mutant alpha-synuclein: proteasome dysfunction selectively affects catecholaminergic neurons. Neuron 36:1007\u20131019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9569_CR108","volume-title":"Natural medicine","author":"JE Pizzorno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pizzorno JE, Murray MT (2012) Natural medicine. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, St. Louis"},{"key":"9569_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2011.02.012","volume":"72","author":"LW Qi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS (2011) Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity. Phytochemistry 72:689\u2013699","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"9569_CR110","first-page":"30","volume":"12","author":"M Qian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qian M, Yi L, Song-Lin L, Jie Y, Ping-Hu Z, Qiang W (2014) Chemical profiles and anticancer effects of saponin fractions of different polarity from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Chin J Nat Med 12:30\u201337","journal-title":"Chin J Nat Med"},{"key":"9569_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0063-1","volume":"111","author":"K Radad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Radad K, Gille G, Moldzio R, Saito H, Ishige K, Rausch WD (2004a) Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 effects on survival and neurite growth of MPP\u2009+\u2009-affected mesencephalic dopaminergic cells. J Neural Transm 111:37\u201345","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"9569_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.06.030","volume":"1021","author":"K Radad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Radad K, Gille G, Moldzio R, Saito H, Rausch WD (2004b) Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic cells stressed with glutamate. Brain Res 1021:41\u201353","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9569_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00208.x","volume":"17","author":"K Radad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Radad K, Moldzio R, Rausch WD (2011) Ginsenosides and their CNS targets. CNS Neurosci Ther 17:761\u2013768","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"9569_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.012","volume":"106","author":"A Rhule","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rhule A, Navarro S, Smith JR, Shepherd DM (2006) Panax notoginseng attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 106:121\u2013128","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-013-0925-5","volume":"387","author":"P Rinwa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rinwa P, Kumar A (2014) Modulation of nitrergic signalling pathway by American ginseng attenuates chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and biochemical alterations. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 387:129\u2013141","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt20mvcrz","volume-title":"Wildflowers of Iowa woodlands","author":"ST Runkel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Runkel ST, Bull AF (2009) Wildflowers of Iowa woodlands. University of Iowa Press, Iowa"},{"key":"9569_CR117","first-page":"537","volume":"16","author":"F Scaglione","year":"1990","unstructured":"Scaglione F, Ferrara F, Dugnani S, Falchi M, Santoro G, Fraschini F (1990) Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Drugs Exp Clin Res 16:537\u2013542","journal-title":"Drugs Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"9569_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70327-7","volume":"7","author":"AH Schapira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schapira AH (2008) Mitochondria in the aetiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 7:97\u2013109","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20303","volume":"78","author":"AH Schapira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schapira AH (2011) Mitochondrial pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mt Sinai J Med 78:872\u2013881","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"9569_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb02325.x","volume":"54","author":"AH Schapira","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schapira AH, Cooper JM, Dexter D, Clark JB, Jenner P, Marsden CD (1990) Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 54:823\u2013827","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9569_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.05.028","volume":"67","author":"EM Schlag","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schlag EM, McIntosh MS (2006) Ginsenoside content and variation among and within American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) populations. Phytochemistry 67:1510\u20131519","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"9569_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2003.12.001","volume":"1670","author":"ZH Shao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shao ZH, Xie JT, Vanden Hoek TL, Mehendale S, Aung H, Li CQ, Qin Y, Schumacker PT, Becker LB, Yuan CS (2004) Antioxidant effects of American ginseng berry extract in cardiomyocytes exposed to acute oxidant stress. Biochim Biophys Acta 1670:165\u2013171","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"9569_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02702-5","volume":"877","author":"P Shashidharan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shashidharan P, Good PF, Hsu A, Perl DP, Brin MF, Olanow CW (2000) TorsinA accumulation in Lewy bodies in sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Res 877:379\u2013381","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9569_CR124","first-page":"192","volume":"8","author":"TB Sherer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sherer TB, Betarbet R, Greenamyre JT (2002) Environment, mitochondria, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroscientist 8:192\u2013197","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"9569_CR125","first-page":"60","volume":"29","author":"C Shi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shi C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z (2009) Effect of phosphorylated-ERK1\/2 on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the substantia nigra of mice with MPTP-induced Parkinson disease. J South Med Univ 29:60\u201363","journal-title":"J South Med Univ"},{"key":"9569_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2012.147","volume":"34","author":"J Shi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shi J, Xue W, Zhao WJ, Li KX (2013) Pharmacokinetics and dopamine\/acetylcholine releasing effects of ginsenoside Re in hippocampus and mPFC of freely moving rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 34:214\u2013220","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"9569_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.11.762","volume":"11","author":"S Shibata","year":"1963","unstructured":"Shibata S, Tanaka O, NagaI M, Ishit T (1963) Studies on the constituents of Japanese and Chinese crude drugs. XII. panaxadiol, a sapogenin of ginseng roots. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 11:762\u2013765","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)"},{"key":"9569_CR128","first-page":"753","volume":"85","author":"S Shibata","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shibata S, Ando T, Tanaka O, Meguro Y, S\u00f4ma K, Iida Y (1965a) Saponins and sapogenins of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and some other Panax spp. Yakugaku Zasshi 85:753\u2013755","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"9569_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)99595-4","volume":"42","author":"S Shibata","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shibata S, Tanaka O, Soma K, Aando T, Iida Y, Nakamura H (1965b) Studies on saponins and sapogenins of ginseng. the structure of panaxatriol. Tetrahedron Lett 42:207\u2013213","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"9569_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008980200583","volume":"11","author":"HR Shin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shin HR, Kim JY, Yun TK, Morgan G, Vainio H (2000) The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Canc Causes Contr 11:565\u2013576","journal-title":"Canc Causes Contr"},{"key":"9569_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2012.16.2.113","volume":"16","author":"TJ Shin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shin TJ, Hwang SH, Choi SH, Lee BH, Kang J, Kim HJ, Zukin RS, Rhim H, Nah SY (2012) Effects of protopanaxatriol-ginsenoside metabolites on rat N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor-mediated ion currents. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 16:113\u2013118","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.261","volume":"37","author":"MH Siddiqi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siddiqi MH, Siddiqi MZ, Ahn S, Kang S, Kim YJ, Sathishkumar N, Yang DU, Yang DC (2013) Ginseng saponins and the treatment of osteoporosis: mini literature review. J Ginseng Res 37:261\u2013268","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"9569_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Small E (2013) North American cornucopia: Top 100 indigenous food plants (Agricultural Science Book) Taylor & Francis","DOI":"10.1201\/b15818"},{"key":"9569_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","volume":"388","author":"MG Spillantini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M (1997) Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 388:839\u2013840","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9569_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/26649","volume":"395","author":"AP Summers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Summers AP, Koob TJ, Brainerd EL (1998) The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nature 395:451\u2013452","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9569_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2001.16.S.S38","volume":"16","author":"YJ Surh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Surh YJ, Na HK, Lee JY, Keum YS (2001) Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Korean Med Sci 16:S38\u2013S41","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor JM, Main BS, Crack PJ (2013) Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress: coconspirators in the pathology of Parkinson\u00b4s disease. Neurochem Int 62:803\u2013819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.12.016"},{"key":"9569_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2003.08.002","volume":"184","author":"J Kampen Van","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Kampen J, Robertson H, Hagg T, Drobitch R (2003) Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Neurol 184:521\u2013529","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.11.012","volume":"50","author":"JM Kampen Van","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Kampen JM, Baranowski DB, Shaw CA, Kay DG (2014) Panax ginseng is neuroprotective in a novel progressive model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Gerontol 50:95\u2013105","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"9569_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venderova K, Park DS (2012) Programmed cell death in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2(8) doi: 10.1101\/cshperspect.a009365","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009365"},{"key":"9569_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051633998","volume":"98","author":"M Vila","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vila M, Jackson-Lewis V, Vukosavic S, Djaldetti R, Liberatore G, Offen D, Korsmeyer SJ, Przedborski S (2001) Bax ablation prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:2837\u20132842","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9569_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0924-4","volume":"318","author":"R Coelln Von","year":"2004","unstructured":"Von Coelln R, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (2004) Parkin-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell Tissue Res 318:175\u2013184","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"9569_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980890p","volume":"71","author":"X Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang X, Sakuma T, Asafu-Adjaye E, Shiu GK (1999) Determination of ginsenosides in plant extracts from Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius L. by LC\/MS\/MS. Anal Chem 71:1579\u20131584","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"9569_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.838","volume":"16","author":"A Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang A, Wang CZ, Wu JA, Osinski J, Yuan CS (2005) Determination of major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Phytochem Anal 16:272\u2013277","journal-title":"Phytochem Anal"},{"key":"9569_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.944","volume":"17","author":"Y Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang Y, Pan JY, Xiao XY, Lin RC, Cheng YY (2006) Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng with different growth ages using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochem Anal 17:424\u2013430","journal-title":"Phytochem Anal"},{"key":"9569_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05515.x","volume":"25","author":"J Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang J, Jiang H, Xie JX (2007) Ferroportin1 and hephaestin are involved in the nigral iron accumulation of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Eur J Neurosci 25:2766\u20132772","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"9569_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J, Xu HM, Yang HD, Du XX, Jiang H, Xie JX (2009) Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins. Neurochem Int 4:43\u201348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.10.003"},{"key":"9569_CR148","first-page":"1594","volume":"28","author":"Q Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zheng H, Zhang ZF, Zhang YX (2008) Ginsenoside Rg1 modulates COX-2 expression in the substantia nigra of mice with MPTP-induced Parkinson disease through the P38 signaling pathway. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 28:1594\u20131598","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"9569_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31823f15c4","volume":"37","author":"C Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang C, Li YZ, Wang XR, Lu ZR, Shi DZ, Liu XH (2012) Panax quinquefolium saponins reduce myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by inhibiting excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress. Shock 37:228\u2013233","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"9569_CR150","author":"JY Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang JY, Yang JY, Wang F, Fu SY, Hou Y, Jiang B, Ma J, Song C, Wu CF (2013) Neuroprotective effect of pseudoginsenoside-f11 on a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi: 10.1155\/2013\/152798","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"9569_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10487","volume":"53","author":"TT Warner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Warner TT, Schapira AH (2003) Genetic and environmental factors in the cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 53:16\u201323","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9569_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.2307\/2656799","volume":"86","author":"J Wen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wen J, Nowicke JW (1999) Pollen ultrastructure of Panax (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae), an eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct genus. Am J Bot 86:1624\u20131636","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"9569_CR153","first-page":"406","volume":"110","author":"AW Willis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Willis AW (2013) Parkinson disease in the elderly adult. Mo Med 110:406\u2013410","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"9569_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000275491","volume":"34","author":"AW Willis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Willis AW, Evanoff BA, Lian M, Criswell SR, Racette BA (2010) Geographic and ethnic variation in Parkinson disease: a population-based study of US Medicare beneficiaries. Neuroepidemiology 34:143\u2013151","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"9569_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.020982","volume":"75","author":"GF Wooten","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wooten GF, Currie LJ, Bovbjerg VE, Lee JK, Patrie J (2004) Are men at greater risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease than women? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:637\u2013639","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"9569_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-012-1050-z","volume":"28","author":"R Xia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xia R, Mao ZH (2012) Progression of motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Bull 28:39\u201348","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"9569_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.01.001","volume":"532","author":"JT Xie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xie JT, Shao ZH, Vanden Hoek TL, Chang WT, Li J, Mehendale S, Wang CZ, Hsu CW, Becker LB, Yin JJ, Yuan CS (2006) Antioxidant effects of ginsenoside Re in cardiomyocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 532:201\u2013207","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020410001690172","volume":"7","author":"BB Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu BB, Liu CQ, Gao X, Zhang WQ, Wang SW, Cao YL (2005) Possible mechanisms of the protection of ginsenoside Re against MPTP-induced apoptosis in substantia nigra neurons of Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model. J Asian Nat Prod Res 7:215\u2013224","journal-title":"J Asian Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"9569_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00361.x","volume":"158","author":"L Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu L, Chen WF, Wong MS (2009) Ginsenoside Rg1 protects dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease through the IGF-I receptor signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 158:738\u2013748","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9569_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002","volume":"58","author":"H Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu H, Jiang H, Wang J, Xie J (2010a) Rg1 protects the MPP\u2009+\u2009-treated MES23.5 cells via attenuating DMT1 up-regulation and cellular iron uptake. Neuropharmacology 58:488\u2013494","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"9569_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22885","volume":"111","author":"H Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu H, Jiang H, Wang J, Xie J (2010b) Rg1 protects iron-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidant and iron regulatory proteins in 6-OHDA-treated MES23.5 cells. J Cell Biochem 111:1537\u20131545","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"9569_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt091","volume":"69","author":"L Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhang J, Zheng K, Shen H, Chen X (2014) Long-term ginsenoside Rg1 supplementation improves age-related cognitive decline by promoting synaptic plasticity associated protein expression in C57BL\/6\u00a0J mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69:282\u2013294","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2005.3.683","volume":"3","author":"KY Yap","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yap KY, Chan SY, Weng Chan Y, Sing Lim C (2005) Overview on the analytical tools for quality control of natural product-based supplements: a case study of ginseng. Assay Drug Dev Technol 3:683\u2013699","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev Technol"},{"key":"9569_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0051-3","volume":"8","author":"R Ye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ye R, Kong X, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Han J, Li P, Xiong L, Zhao G (2011a) Ginsenoside rd in experimental stroke: superior neuroprotective efficacy with a wide therapeutic window. Neurotherapeutics 8:515\u2013525","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"9569_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.05.029","volume":"61","author":"R Ye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ye R, Kong X, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Han J, Zhao G (2011b) Ginsenoside Rd attenuates redox imbalance and improves stroke outcome after focal cerebral ischemia in aged mice. Neuropharmacology 61:815\u2013824","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"9569_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.13.51","volume":"13","author":"R Ye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ye R, Zhao G, Liu X (2013) Ginsenoside Rd for acute ischemic stroke: translating from bench to bedside. Expert Rev Neurother 13:603\u2013613","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"9569_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2001.16.S.S3","volume":"16","author":"TK Yun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yun TK (2001) Brief introduction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Korean Med Sci 16:S3\u2013S5","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"9569_CR168","first-page":"RA187","volume":"10","author":"W Zhou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhou W, Chai H, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, Chen CJ (2004) Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of ginseng root for cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit 10:RA187\u2013RA192","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-014-9569-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11481-014-9569-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-014-9569-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T15:17:47Z","timestamp":1650467867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11481-014-9569-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-014-9569-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1890","1557-1904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1890","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]}}}