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Nevertheless, little is known about the underlying mechanisms and generalisability of this phenomenon. Against this background, the present study investigated whether the pharmacological properties of fingolimod (FTY720), an immunosuppressive drug widely applied to treat multiple sclerosis, can be conditioned in rats by means of taste-immune associative learning. For this purpose, a conditioned taste avoidance paradigm was used, pairing the presentation of a novel sweet drinking solution (saccharin or sucrose) as conditioned stimulus (CS) with therapeutically effective doses of FTY720 as unconditioned stimulus (US). Subsequent re-exposure to the CS at a later time point revealed that conditioning with FTY720 induced a mild conditioned taste avoidance only when saccharin was employed as CS. However, on an immunological level, neither re-exposure with saccharin nor sucrose altered blood immune cell subsets or splenic cytokine production. Despite the fact that intraperitonally administered FTY720 could be detected in brain regions known to mediate neuro-immune interactions, the present findings show that the physiological action of FTY720 is not inducible by mere taste-immune associative learning. Whether conditioning generalises across all small-molecule drugs with immunosuppressive properties still needs to be investigated with modified paradigms probably using distinct sensory CS. Moreover, these findings emphasize the need to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of conditioned immunomodulation to assess the generalisability and usability of associative learning protocols as supportive therapies in clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-024-10122-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T06:01:51Z","timestamp":1715407311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effects of Fingolimod (FTY720) on Leukocyte Subset Circulation cannot be Behaviourally Conditioned in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Jakobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"H\u00f6rbelt-Gr\u00fcnheidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hadamitzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Bihorac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Leisengang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Christians","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Schniedewind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Schedlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"L\u00fcckemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"10122_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197507000-00007","volume":"37","author":"R Ader","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ader R, Cohen N (1975) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. 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