{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:04:40Z","timestamp":1792598680899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Trobe University Research Focus Areas, Australia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000924","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Private donations"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001215","name":"La Trobe University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001215","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disorder, with limited treatment options. This disease is characterized by differential pathophysiology between grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM). The predominant WM hallmark is the perivascular plaque, associated with blood brain barrier (BBB) loss of function, lymphocytic infiltration, microglial reactivity, demyelination and axonal injury and is adequately addressed with immunomodulatory drugs. By contrast, mechanisms underlying GM damage remain obscure, with consequences for neuroprotective strategies. Cortical GM pathology is already significant in early MS and characterized by reduced BBB disruption and lymphocytic infiltration relative to WM, but a highly inflammatory environment, microglial reactivity, demyelination and neuro\/axonal loss. There is no satisfactory explanation for the occurrence of neurodegeneration without large-scale inflammatory cell influx in cortical GM. A candidate mechanism suggests that it results from soluble factors originating from meningeal inflammatory cell aggregates, which diffuse into the underlying cortical tissue and trigger microglial activation. However, the recent literature highlights the central role of platelets in inflammation, together with the relationship between coagulation factors, particularly fibrinogen, and tissue damage in MS. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, we identified platelets as drivers of neuroinflammation and platelet-neuron associations from the pre-symptomatic stage. We propose that fibrinogen leakage across the BBB is a signal for platelet infiltration and that platelets represent a major and early participant in neurodegeneration. This concept is compatible with the new appreciation of platelets as immune cells and of neuronal damage driven by inflammatory cells sequestered in the meninges.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-025-10182-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T21:38:26Z","timestamp":1738705106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A New Perspective on Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis: the Early and Critical Role of Platelets in Neuro\/Axonal Loss"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0716-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline Monique","family":"Orian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5904","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115904","volume":"22","author":"R Aharoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aharoni R, Eilam R, Arnon R (2021) Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis\u2014Essential constituents with diverse multifaceted functions. Int J Mol Sci 22:5904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22115904","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10182_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063460","volume":"25","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmad I, Omura S, Sato F, Park AM, Khadka S, Gavins FNE et al (2024) Exploring the role of platelets in virus-induced inflammatory demyelinating disease and myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 25:3460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25063460","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10182_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a028944","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028944","volume":"9","author":"L Alfredsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alfredsson L, Olsson T (2019) Lifestyle and environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 9:a028944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a028944","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10182_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0497-6","volume":"5","author":"SA Berghoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berghoff SA, D\u00fcking T, Spieth L, Winchenbach J, Stumpf SK, Gerndt N et al (2017) (2017) Blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability precedes demyelination in the cuprizone model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 5:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-017-0497-6","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10182_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21965","volume":"43","author":"SK Beura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beura SK, Dhapola R, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Kumar R, Reddy DH (2023) Antiplatelet drugs: Potential therapeutic options for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 43:1835\u20131877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/med.21965","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"10182_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24224","volume":"96","author":"I Bjelobaba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I (2018) Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 96:1021\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.24224","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10182_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90119-6","volume":"20","author":"WF Blakemore","year":"1973","unstructured":"Blakemore WF (1973) Remyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the mouse following demyelination induced by feeding cuprizone. J Neurol Sci 20:73\u201383","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10182_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.7.723","volume":"62","author":"L B\u00f8","year":"2003","unstructured":"B\u00f8 L, Vedeler CA, Nyland HI, Trapp BD, Mork SV (2003) Subpial demyelination in the cerebral cortex of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:723\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/62.7.723","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015970","volume":"140","author":"T Burnouf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burnouf T, Walker TL (2022) Platelets and brain function. Blood 140:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2022015970","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10182_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12254","volume":"3","author":"I Canobbio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canobbio I (2019) Blood platelets: Circulating mirrors of neurons? Res Pract Thromb Haemost 3:564\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rth2.12254","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10182_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042255","volume":"25","author":"GL Cipriano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cipriano GL, Schepici G, Mazzon E, Anchesi I (2024) Multiple Sclerosis: roles of mirna, lcnrna, and circrna and their implications in cellular pathways. Int J Mol Sci 25:2255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25042255","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10182_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.2592","volume":"89","author":"G Comi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Comi G, Bar-Or A, Lassmann H, Uccelli A, Hartung HP, Montalban X et al (2021) Expert panel of the 27th annual meeting of the European Charcot foundation. Role of B cells in multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Ann Neurol 89:13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.2592","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x","volume":"164","author":"CS Constantinescu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Constantinescu CS, Farooqi N, O\u2019Brien K, Gran B (2011) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Br J Pharmacol 164:1079\u20131106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10182_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519852723","volume":"25","author":"D Davalos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davalos D, Mahajan KR, Trapp BD (2019) Brain fibrinogen deposition plays a key role in MS pathophysiology - Yes. Mult Scler 25:1434\u20131435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458519852723","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10182_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106230","volume":"184","author":"S Dedoni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dedoni S, Scherma M, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Dazzi L, Puliga R et al (2023) An overall view of the most common experimental models for multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 184:106230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106230","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10182_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1798","volume":"10","author":"C Du","year":"2009","unstructured":"Du C, Liu C, Kang J, Zhao G, Ye Z, Huang S, Li Z, Wu Z, Pei G (2009) MicroRNA miR-326 regulates TH-17 differentiation and is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Nature Immunol 10(12):1252\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1798","journal-title":"Nature Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.004","volume":"33","author":"B Engelhardt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Engelhardt B, Ransohoff RM (2012) Capture, crawl, cross: the T cell code to breach the blood-brain barriers. Trends Immunol 33:579\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10182_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae251","volume":"147","author":"M Filippi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Filippi M, Preziosa P, Barkhof F, Ciccarelli O, Cossarizza A, De Stefano N, Gasperini C, Geraldes R, Granziera C, Haider L, Lassmann H (2024) The ageing central nervous system in multiple sclerosis: the imaging perspective. Brain 147(11):3665\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awae251","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10182_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01081","volume":"7","author":"JD Forbes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forbes JD, Van Domselaar G, Bernstein CN (2016) The gut microbiota in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Front Microbiol 7:1081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01081","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10182_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a028977","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028977","volume":"8","author":"S Glatigny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Glatigny S, Bettelli E (2018) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8:a028977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a028977","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10182_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl075","volume":"129","author":"R Gold","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gold R, Linington C, Lassmann H (2006) Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research. Brain 129:1953\u20131971","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10182_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Groppa S, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Eshaghi A, Meuth SG, Ciccarelli O (2021) Linking immune-mediated damage to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: could network-based MRI help?. Brain communications 3(4):fcab237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab237","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab237"},{"key":"10182_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmun.2014.00678","volume":"5","author":"A Gros","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gros A, Ollivier V, Ho-Tin-Noe B (2015) Platelets in inflammation: regulation of leukocyte activities and vascular repair. Front Immunol 5:678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmun.2014.00678","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.4.506","volume":"33","author":"S Gul","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gul S, Smith AD, Thompson RHS, Wright HP, Zilkha KJ (1970) Fatty acid composition of phospholipids from platelets and erythrocytes in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 33:506\u2013510","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"10182_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.10.2.535","volume":"10","author":"SM Hall","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hall SM (1972) The effect of injections of lysophosphatidyl choline into white matter of the adult mouse spinal cord. J Cell Sci 10:535\u2013542","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10182_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44682-6","volume":"9","author":"AM Hamilton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamilton AM, Forkert ND, Yang R, Wu Y, Rogers JA, Yong VW, Dunn JF (2019) Central nervous system targeted autoimmunity causes regional atrophy: a 9.4 T MRI study of the EAE mouse model of Multiple Sclerosis. Scientific Rep 9(1):8488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-44682-6","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"key":"10182_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06559","volume":"451","author":"MH Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han MH, Hwang SI, Roy DB, Lundgren DH, Price JV, Ousman SS et al (2008) Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets. Nature 451:1076\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06559","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10182_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.817473","volume":"13","author":"AHS Heng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heng AHS, Han CW, Abbott C, McColl SR, Comerford I (2022) Chemokine-Driven Migration of Pro-Inflammatory CD4+ T Cells in CNS Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 13:817473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.817473","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-3-11","volume":"3","author":"N Hoffmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hoffmann N, Lachnit N, Streppel M, Witter B, Neiss WF, Gutinas-Lichius O, Angelov DN (2002) Increased expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and MIP-1\u03b1 by spinal perivascular macrophages during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. BMC Immunol 3:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2172-3-11","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12199","volume":"41","author":"OW Howell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Howell OW, Schulz-Trieglaff EK, Carassiti D, Gentleman SM, Nicholas R, Roncaroli F et al (2014) Extensive grey matter pathology in the cerebellum in multiple sclerosis is linked to inflammation in the subarachnoid space. Neuropath App Neurobiol 41:798\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nan.12199","journal-title":"Neuropath App Neurobiol"},{"key":"10182_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90283-f","volume":"577","author":"R Joseph","year":"1992","unstructured":"Joseph R, Tsering C, Grunfeld S, Welch KM (1992a) Further studies on platelet-mediated neurotoxicity. Brain Res 577:268\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90283-f","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10182_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.23.3.394","volume":"23","author":"R Joseph","year":"1992","unstructured":"Joseph R, Tsering C, Welch KM (1992b) Study of platelet-mediated neurotoxicity in rat brain. Stroke 23:394\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.23.3.394","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"10182_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.03.014","volume":"21","author":"YS Kap","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kap YS, Jagessar SA, Dunham J, At\u2019Hart B (2016) The common marmoset as an indispensable animal model for immunotherapy development in multiple sclerosis. Drug discovery today. 21(8):1200\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.03.014","journal-title":"Drug discovery today."},{"key":"10182_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500259","volume":"194","author":"R Kapur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kapur R, Zufferey A, Boilard E, Semple JW (2015) Nouvelle cuisine: platelets served with inflammation. J Immunol 194:5579\u20135587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1500259","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900914","volume":"204","author":"WJ Karpus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karpus WJ (2020) Cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 204:316\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1900914","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02358-x","volume":"18","author":"DK Kaushik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaushik DK, Bhattacharya A, Lozinski BM, Yong VW (2021) Pericytes as mediators of infiltration of macrophage in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflam 18:301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02358-x","journal-title":"J Neuroinflam"},{"key":"10182_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050121","volume":"8","author":"Y Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim Y, Park J, Choi YK (2019) The role of astrocytes in the central nervous system focused on BK channel and heme oxygenase metabolites: A review. Antioxidants 8:121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox8050121","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10182_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a028928","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028928","volume":"8","author":"S Klineova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klineova S, Lublin F (2018) Clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8:a028928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a028928","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10182_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00129","volume":"14","author":"KM Kniewallner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kniewallner KM, Bessa de Sousa DM, Unger MS, Mrowetz H, Aigner L (2020) Platelets in amyloidogenic mice are activated and invade the brain. Front Neurosci 14:129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00129","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10182_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020162","volume":"8","author":"P Kocovski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kocovski P, Jiang X, D\u2019Souza CS, Li Z, Dang PT, Wang X et al (2019) Platelet depletion is effective in ameliorating anxiety-like behavior and reducing the pro-inflammatory environment in the hippocampus in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Med 8:162\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8020162","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10182_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639650","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.639650","volume":"12","author":"P Kocovski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kocovski P, Tabassum-Sheikh N, Marinis S, Dang PT, Hale MW, Orian JM (2021) Immunomodulation eliminates inflammation in the hippocampus in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but does not ameliorate anxiety-like behavior. Front Immunol 12:639650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.639650","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29910","volume":"236","author":"SF Kornfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kornfeld SF, Cummings SE, Fathi S, Bonin SR, Kothary R (2021) MiRNA-145-5p prevents differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by regulating expression of myelin gene regulatory factor. J Cell Physiol 236:997\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.29910","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10182_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548604","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.548604","volume":"11","author":"T Koudriavtseva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koudriavtseva T, Stefanile A, Fiorelli M, Lapucci C, Lorenzano S, Zannino S et al (2020) Coagulation\/complement activation and cerebral hypoperfusion in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 11:548604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.548604","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319821","volume":"130","author":"M Koupenova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koupenova M, Livada AC, Morrell CN (2022) Platelet and megakaryocyte roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Circ Res 130:288\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319821","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10182_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.256370","volume":"110","author":"HF Langer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langer HF, Choi EY, Zhou H, Schleicher R, Chung KJ, Tang Z et al (2012) Platelets contribute to the pathogenesis of experiemntal autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Circ Res 110:1202\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.256370","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10182_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.10.009","volume":"225","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lassmann H (2010) Axonal and neuronal pathology in multiple sclerosis: what have we learnt from animal models? Exp Neurol 225:2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.10.009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03116","volume":"9","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lassmann H (2019) Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 9:3116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03116","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","volume":"8","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lassmann H, van Horssen J, Mahad D (2012) Progressive multiple sclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurol 8:647\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmun.2020.00747","volume":"11","author":"O Leiter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leiter O, Walker T (2020) Platelets in neurodegenerative conditions-Friend or foe? Front Immunol 11:747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmun.2020.00747","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.09.123","volume":"493","author":"Q Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Q, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Li Z, Mei X (2017) MicroRNA-590 promotes pathogenic Th17 cell differentiation through targeting Tob1 and is associated with multiple sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 493:901\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.09.123","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10182_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0502-500","volume":"8","author":"C Lock","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lock C, Hermans G, Pedotti R, Brendoaln A, Schadt E, Garren H et al (2002) Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 8:500\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm0502-500","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10182_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6<707::aid-ana3>3.0.co;2-q","volume":"47","author":"C Lucchinetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H (2000) Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 47:707\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6%3c707::aid-ana3%3e3.0.co;2-q","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805657","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.805657","volume":"13","author":"JA Mapunda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mapunda JA, Tibar H, Wand R, Engelhardt B (2022) How does the immune system enter the brain? Front Immunol 13:805657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.805657","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcos-Ramiro B, Oliva Nacarino P, Serrano-Pertierra E, Blanco-Gelaz M\u00c1, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Couraud PO, Tu\u00f1\u00f3n A, L\u00f3pez-Larrea C, Mill\u00e1n J, Cernuda-Moroll\u00f3n E. Microparticles in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: effect on endothelial barrier function. BMC neuroscience. 2014;15:1-4. bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2202-15-110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-15-110"},{"key":"10182_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M300063-MCP200","volume":"3","author":"JP McRedmond","year":"2004","unstructured":"McRedmond JP, Park SD, Reilly DF, Coppinger JA, Maguire PB, Shields DC, Fitzgerald DJ (2004) Integration of proteomics and genomics in platelets: A profile of platelet proteins and platelet-specific genes. Mol Cell Proteomics 3:133\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/mcp.M300063-MCP200","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"10182_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070320306","volume":"32","author":"DJ Miller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miller DJ, Rodriguez M (1995) Spontaneous and induced remyelination in multiple sclerosis and the Theiler\u2019s virus model of central nervous system demyelination. Microsc Res Tech 32:230\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.1070320306","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"10","key":"10182_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02779","volume":"26","author":"KL Monaghan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monaghan KL, Zheng W, Hu G, Wan ECK (2019) Monocytes and monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells have distinct gene signatures in experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 26(10):2779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02779","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10182_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240918","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/240918","volume":"2015","author":"A Morel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morel A, Bijak M, Miller E, Rywaniak J, Miller S, Saluk J (2015) Relationship between the increased haemostatic properties of blood platelets and oxidative stress level in multiple sclerosis patients with the secondary progressive stage. Oxidative Med Cellul Longev 2015(1):240918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/240918","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cellul Longev"},{"key":"10182_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-299719","volume":"117","author":"S Nagalla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nagalla S, Shaw C, Kong X, Kondkar AA, Edelstein LC, Ma L et al (2011) Platelet microRNA-mRNA coexpression profiles correlate with platelet reactivity. Blood 117:5189\u20135197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2010-09-299719","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10182_CR60","first-page":"462","volume":"28","author":"MJ Nathanson","year":"1952","unstructured":"Nathanson MJ, Savitski P (1952) Platelet adhesive index studies in multiple sclerosis and other neurologic disorders. Bull NY Acad Med 28:462\u2013468","journal-title":"Bull NY Acad Med"},{"issue":"43","key":"10182_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae482","volume":"45","author":"S Navarro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Navarro S, Talucci I, G\u00f6b V, Hartmann S, Beck S, Orth V, Stoll G, Maric HM, Stegner D, Nieswandt B (2024) The humanized platelet glycoprotein VI Fab inhibitor EMA601 protects from arterial thrombosis and ischaemic stroke in mice. Eur Heart J 45(43):4582\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae482","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10182_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nazir FH, Wiberg A, M\u00fcller M, Mangsbo S, Burman J. Antibodies from serum and CSF of multiple sclerosis patients bind to oligodendroglial and neuronal cell-lines. Brain Commun 2023;5(3):fcad164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad164","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad164"},{"key":"10182_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7614","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207614","volume":"21","author":"CT Neu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neu CT, Gutschner T, Haemmerle M (2020) Post-transcriptional expression control in platelet biogenesis and function. Int J Mol Sci 21:7614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21207614","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10182_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.04.008","volume":"57","author":"L Nicolai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nicolai L, Pekayvaz K, Massberg S (2024) Platelets: Orchestrators of immunity in host defense and beyond. Immunity 57:957\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.04.008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10182_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/1615-9861(200203)2:3<288::aid-prot288>3.0.co;2-0","volume":"2","author":"EE O\u2019Neill","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill EE, Brock CJ, von Kriegsheim AF, Pearce AC, Dwek RA, Watson SP, Hebestreit HF (2000) Towards complete analysis of the platelet proteome. Proteomics 2:288\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1615-9861(200203)2:3%3c288::aid-prot288%3e3.0.co;2-0","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10182_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.2.11515","volume":"1","author":"J Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz J, Mielcarz DW, Haque-Begum S, Kasper LH (2010) Induction of a regulatory B cell population in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by alteration of the gut commensal microflora. Gut Microbes 1:103\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.1.2.11515","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10182_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735231211508","volume":"15","author":"JM Orian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orian JM, Maxwell DL (2023) Cerebellar pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current status and future directions. J CNS Dis 15:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11795735231211508","journal-title":"J CNS Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10182_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620963","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963","volume":"19","author":"JM Orian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orian JM, D\u2019Souza CS, Kocovski P, Krippner G, Hale MW, Wang X, Peter K (2021) Platelets in multiple sclerosis: Early and central mediators of inflammation and neurodegeneration and attractive targets for molecular imaging and site-directed therapy. Front Immunol 19(12):620963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orian JM, Maxwell DL, Lim VJ (2023) Active Induction of a Multiple Sclerosis-Like Disease in Common Laboratory Mouse Strains. InNeurobiology: Methods Protoc 2746:179-200). New York, NY: Springer US. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-3585-8_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3585-8_15"},{"key":"10182_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45020094","volume":"45","author":"G Papiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papiri G, D\u2019Andreamatteo G, Cacchi\u00f2 G, Alia S, Silvestrini M, Paci C et al (2023) Multiple Sclerosis: Iiflammatory and neuroglial aspects. Curr Issues Mol Biol 45:1443\u20131470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb45020094","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"10182_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00425","volume":"8","author":"GP Parnell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parnell GP, Booth DR (2017) The multiple sclerosis (MS) genetic risk factors indicate both acquired and innate immune cell subsets contribute to MS pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol 8:425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00425","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.13","volume":"19","author":"MA Petersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petersen MA, Ryu J, Akassologlu K (2018) Fibrinogen in neurological diseases: mechanisms, imaging and therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurosci 19:283\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn.2018.13","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10182_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.12.010","volume":"208","author":"H Pham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pham H, Ng SW, Klopstein A, Ramp AA, Ayers MM, Orian JM (2008) The astrocytic response in early experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis occurs across both grey and white matter compartments. J Neuroimmunol 208:30\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.12.010","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10182_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Philp AR, Reyes CR, Mansilla J, Sharma A, Zhao C, Valenzuela-Krugmann C, Rawji KS, Martinez GA, Dimas P, Hinrichsen B, Ulloa-Leal C (2024) Circulating platelets modulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation during remyelination. Elif ;12:RP91757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.91757.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.91757"},{"key":"10182_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019799","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1019799","volume":"15","author":"SC Pike","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pike SC, Welsh N, Linzey M, Gilli F (2022) Theiler\u2019s virus-induced demyelinating disease as an infectious model of progressive multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 15:1019799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1019799","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10182_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01175","volume":"9","author":"D Plantone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plantone D, Inglese M, Salvetti M, Koudriavtseva T (2019) A perspective of coagulation dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol 9:1175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01175","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(01)00445-3","volume":"122","author":"MMJ Polfliet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Polfliet MMJ, van de Veerdonk F, Dopp EdA, van Kesteren-Hendrikx EML, van Rooijen N, Dijkstra CD, van den Berg TK (2002) The role of perivascular and meningeal macrophages in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 122:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-5728(01)00445-3","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10182_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1995.0065","volume":"7","author":"CA Power","year":"1995","unstructured":"Power CA, Clemetson JM, Clemetson KJ, Wells TN (1995) Chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNA expression in human platelets. Cytokine 7:479\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cyto.1995.0065","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10182_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.042","volume":"759","author":"C Procaccini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Pucino V, Formisano L, Matarese G (2015) Animal models of Multiple Sclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 759:182\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.042","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10182_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15235005","volume":"15","author":"C Purdel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Purdel C, Margin\u0103 D, Adam-Dima I, Ungurianu A (2023) The beneficial effects of dietary interventions on gut microbiota-an up-to-date critical review and future perspectives. Nutrients 15:5005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15235005","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10182_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1937.02260180078006","volume":"37","author":"TJ Putman","year":"1937","unstructured":"Putman TJ (1937) Evidence of vascular occlusion in multiple sclerosis and encephalomyelitis. Arch Neuro Psychiat 37:1298\u20131313","journal-title":"Arch Neuro Psychiat"},{"key":"10182_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00008-X","volume":"122","author":"AP Robinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robinson AP, Harp CT, Noronha A, Miller SD (2014) The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS: utility for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment. Handb Clin Neurol 122:173\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00008-X","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00653","volume":"5","author":"MT Rondina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rondina MT, Garraud O (2014) Emerging evidence for platelets as immune and inflammatory effector cells. Front Immunol 5:653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00653","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0232-x","volume":"19","author":"JK Ryu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryu JK, Rafalski VA, Meyer-Franke A, Adams RA, Poda SB, Rios Coronado PE et al (2018) Fibrin-targeting immunotherapy protects against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 19:1212\u20131223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-018-0232-x","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00100","volume":"8","author":"M Saenz-Cuesta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saenz-Cuesta M, Osorio-Querejeta I, Otaegui D (2014) Extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis: what are they telling us? Front Cell Neurosci 8:100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2014.00100","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10182_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020110","volume":"8","author":"J Saluk-Bijak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saluk-Bijak J, Dziedzic A, Bijak M (2019) Pro-Thrombotic activity of blood platelets in multiple sclerosis. Cells 8:110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8020110","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10182_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1617","volume":"181","author":"A Saxena","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saxena A, Bauer J, Scheikl T, Zappulla J, Audebert M, Desbois S (2008) Cutting edge: Multiple sclerosis-like lesions induced by effector CD8 T cells recognizing a sequestered antigen on oligodendrocytes. J Immunol 181:1617\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1617","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0266-7","volume":"33","author":"HA Seifert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seifert HA, Benedek G, Nguyen H, Gerstner G, Zhang Y, Kent G (2018) Antibiotics protect against EAE by increasing regulatory and anti-inflammatory cells. Metab Brain Dis 33:1599\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-018-0266-7","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10182_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03586.x","volume":"7","author":"SS Smyth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smyth SS, McEver RP, Weyrich AS, Morrell CN, Hoffman MR, Arepally GM et al (2009) Platelet Colloquium Participants. Platelet functions beyond hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 7:1759\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03586.x","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10182_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly032","volume":"7","author":"CS Sonia D\u2019Souza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sonia D\u2019Souza CS, Li Z, Maxwell DL, Trusler O, Murphy M, Crewther S, Peter K, Orian JM (2018) Platelets drive inflammation and target gray matter and the retina in autoimmune-mediated encephalomyelitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 7:567\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nly032","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sotnikov I, Veremeyko T, Starossom SC , Barteneva N , Weiner HL, Ponomarev ED (2013) Platelets recognize brain-specific glycolipid structures, respond to neurovascular damage and promote neuroinflammation. PLoS One e58979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058979.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058979"},{"key":"10182_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Starossom SC, Veremeyko T, Yung AW, Dukhinova M, Au C, Lau AY, et al. (2015) Platelets play differential role during the initiation and progression of autoimmune neuroinflammation. Circ Res 117:779\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306847.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306847"},{"key":"10182_CR93","first-page":"217","volume":"5","author":"N Sulimai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sulimai N, Lominadze D (2021) Fibrinogen and\/or fibrin as a cause of neuroinflammation. Online J Neurol Brain Disord 5:217","journal-title":"Online J Neurol Brain Disord"},{"key":"10182_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7579","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7579","volume":"166","author":"D Sun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sun D, Whitaker JN, Huang Z, Liu D, Coleclough C, Wekerle H, Raine CS (2001) Myelin antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are encephalitogenic and produce severe disease in C57BL\/6 mice. J Immunol 166:7579\u20137587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7579","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100619","volume":"39","author":"D Swan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swan D, Loughranb N, Makrisc M, Thachilb J (2020) Management of bleeding and procedures in patients on antiplatelet therapy. Blood Rev 39:100619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100619","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"10182_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-5699(00)01627-3","volume":"21","author":"BA \u2018t Hart","year":"2000","unstructured":"\u2018t hart BA, van Meurs M, Brok HP et al (2000) A new primate model for multiple sclerosis in the common marmoset. Immunol Today 21:290\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0167-5699(00)01627-3","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"10182_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200478","volume":"210","author":"JW Thompson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thompson JW, Hu R, Huffaker TB, Ramstead AG, Ekiz HA, Bauer KM et al (2023) MicroRNA-155 plays selective cell-intrinsic roles in brain-infiltrating immune cell populations during neuroinflammation. J Immunol 210:926\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2200478","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016587118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016587118","volume":"118","author":"O T\u00f6r\u00f6k","year":"2021","unstructured":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k O, Schreiner B, Schaffenrath J, Tsai HC, Maheshwari U, Stifter SA et al (2021) Pericytes regulate vascular immune homeostasis in the CNS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118:e2016587118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2016587118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10182_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120395","volume":"4421","author":"J Vistbakka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vistbakka J, Sumelahti M-L, Lehtimaki T, Hagman S (2022) Temporal variability of serum miR-191, miR-223, miR-128, and miR-24 in multiple sclerosis: A 4-year follow-up study. J Neurol Sci 4421:120395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120395","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10182_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024058","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1024058","volume":"15","author":"RR Voskuhl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Voskuhl RR, MacKenzie-Graham A (2022) Chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an excellent model to study neuroaxonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 15:1024058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1024058","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10182_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wachowicz B, Morel A, Miller E, Saluk J (2016) The physiology of blood platelets and changes of their biological activities in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 76(4):269-81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21307\/ane-2017-026","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2017-026"},{"key":"10182_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4400428","volume":"2021","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Chen H, Wen X, Mu J, Sun M, Song X et al (2021) The Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Transcriptome and Gut Microbiota Profiling. J Immunol 2021:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/4400428","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772352","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.772352","volume":"12","author":"SC Wassmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wassmer SC, Humpel C, Orian JM (2021) Platelets as Players in Neuropathologies: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 12:772352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.772352","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197094","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1197094","volume":"17","author":"T Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen T, Zhang Z (2023) Cellular mechanisms of fibrin(ogen): insight from neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 17:1197094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1197094","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10182_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.07.003","volume":"25","author":"AS Weyrich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weyrich AS, Zimmermann GA (2004) Platelets: signaling cells of the immune continuum. Trends Immunol 25:489\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2004.07.003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10182_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00823-z","volume":"25","author":"MS Woo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Woo MS, Engler JB, Friese MA (2024) The neuropathobiology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 25:493\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-024-00823-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10182_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90069-3","volume":"2","author":"HP Wright","year":"1965","unstructured":"Wright HP, Thompson RHS, Zilka KJ (1965) Platelet adhesiveness in multiple scerosis. Lancet 2:1109\u20131110","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"19","key":"10182_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3734-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"H Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu H, Deng R, Chen X, Wong WC, Chen H, Gao L, Nie Y, Wu W, Shen J (2016) Caveolin-1 is critical for lymphocyte trafficking into central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 36(19):5193\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3734-15.2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10182_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01076-21","volume":"12","author":"J Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu J, Ganguly A, Zhao J, Ivey M, Lopez R, Osterholzer JJ, Cho CS, Olszewski MA (2021) CCR2 signaling promotes brain infiltration of inflammatory monocytes and contributes to neuropathology during cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. MBio 12(4):10\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01076-21","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10182_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00377-0","volume":"23","author":"B Zierfuss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zierfuss B, Larochelle C, Prat A (2024) Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: causes, consequences and potential effects on therapies. Lancet Neurol 23:95\u2013109","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00409","volume":"10","author":"N Ziliotto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ziliotto N, Bernrdi F, Jakimovski D, Zivadinov R (2019) Coagulation pathways in neurological diseases: Multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 10:409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00409","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10182_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00538-8","volume":"17","author":"M Zirngibl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zirngibl M, Assinck P, Sizov A, Caprariello AV, Plemel JR (2022) Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination. Mol Neurodegener 17:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-022-00538-8","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10182-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10182-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10182-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T21:38:33Z","timestamp":1738705113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10182-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10182-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}