{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:28:40Z","timestamp":1776439720517,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31-DA056296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-DA056296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DA047828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA047828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20-GM144641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20-GM144641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH116782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH116782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Recent work has shown that people with HIV (PWH) exhibit deficits in cognitive control and altered brain responses in the underlying cortical networks, and that regular cannabis use has a normalizing effect on these neural responses. However, the impact of regular cannabis use on the neural oscillatory dynamics underlying motor control deficits in PWH remains less understood. Herein, 102 control cannabis users, control nonusers, PWH who regularly use cannabis, and PWH who do not use cannabis performed a motor control task with and without interference during high-density magnetoencephalography. The resulting neural dynamics were examined using whole-brain, voxel-wise statistical analyses that examined the impact of HIV status, cannabis use, and their interaction on the neural oscillations serving motor control, spontaneous activity during the baseline period, and neurobehavioral relationships. Our key findings revealed cannabis-by-HIV group interactions in oscillatory gamma within the prefrontal cortices, higher-order motor areas, and other regions, with the non-using PWH typically exhibiting the strongest gamma interference responses. Cannabis-by-HIV interactions were also found for oscillatory beta in the dorsal premotor cortex. Spontaneous gamma during the baseline was elevated in PWH and suppressed in cannabis users in all regions exhibiting interaction effects and the left primary motor cortex, with spontaneous levels being correlated with behavioral performance. These findings suggest that regular cannabis use has a normalizing effect on the neural oscillations serving motor control and the abnormally elevated spontaneous gamma activity that has been widely replicated in PWH, which may suggest that cannabis has at least some therapeutic utility in PWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-025-10219-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T02:52:00Z","timestamp":1749178320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Motor-Related Neural Dynamics are Modulated by Regular Cannabis Use Among People with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3075-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren K.","family":"Webert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikki","family":"Schantell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7266-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy K.","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason A.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6505-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Glesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kubat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna T.","family":"Coutant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace C.","family":"Ende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Bares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela E.","family":"May-Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony W.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10219_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","volume":"69","author":"A Antinori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT et al (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69:1789\u20131799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10219_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103065","volume":"61","author":"Y Arif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arif Y, Wiesman AI, O\u2019Neill J et al (2020) The age-related trajectory of visual attention neural function is altered in adults living with HIV: A cross-sectional MEG study. EBioMedicine 61:103065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103065","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10219_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211050557","volume":"35","author":"Y Arif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arif Y, Wiesman AI, Christopher-Hayes NJ, Wilson TW (2021) Aberrant inhibitory processing in the somatosensory cortices of cannabis-users. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 35:1356\u20131364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211050557","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10219_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-01057-0","volume":"46","author":"Y Arif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arif Y, Son JJ, Okelberry HJ et al (2024) Modulation of movement-related oscillatory signatures by cognitive interference in healthy aging. GeroScience 46:3021\u20133034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-023-01057-0","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"10219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0220-8","volume":"19","author":"KM Becker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Becker KM, Heinrichs-Graham E, Fox HS et al (2013) Decreased MEG beta oscillations in HIV-infected older adults during the resting state. J Neurovirol 19:586\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-013-0220-8","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10219_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006","volume":"195","author":"MAP Bloomfield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bloomfield MAP, Hindocha C, Green SF et al (2019) The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies. Pharmacol Ther 195:132\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10219_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25408","volume":"42","author":"CC Casagrande","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casagrande CC, Lew BJ, Taylor BK et al (2021) Impact of HIV-infection on human somatosensory processing, spontaneous cortical activity, and cortical thickness: A multimodal neuroimaging approach. Hum Brain Mapp 42:2851\u20132861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25408","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10219_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac169","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac169","volume":"4","author":"CC Casagrande","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casagrande CC, Wiesman AI, Schantell M et al (2022) Signatures of somatosensory cortical dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Brain Commun 4:fcac169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac169","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10219_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.178","volume":"42","author":"D Cheyne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheyne D, Bells S, Ferrari P et al (2008) Self-paced movements induce high-frequency gamma oscillations in primary motor cortex. NeuroImage 42:332\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.178","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13724-x","volume":"12","author":"S Chou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chou S, Ranganath T, Fish KN et al (2022) Cell type specific cannabinoid CB1 receptor distribution across the human and non-human primate cortex. Sci Rep 12:9605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13724-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10219_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25634","volume":"42","author":"NJ Christopher-Hayes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christopher-Hayes NJ, Lew BJ, Wiesman AI et al (2021) Cannabis use impacts pre\u2010stimulus neural activity in the visual cortices of people with HIV. Hum Brain Mapp 42:5446\u20135457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25634","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10219_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.11.003","volume":"48","author":"EC Cieslik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cieslik EC, Mueller VI, Eickhoff CR et al (2015) Three key regions for supervisory attentional control: evidence from neuroimaging meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 48:22\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.11.003","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e809","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000809","volume":"7","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Peterson SN, Li Y et al (2020) Recent cannabis use in HIV is associated with reduced inflammatory markers in CSF and blood. Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7:e809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000809","journal-title":"Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10219_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00879-y","volume":"19","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M et al (2023) Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 19:668\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-023-00879-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10219_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ernst MD (2004) Permutation methods: A basis for exact inference. Stat Sci 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/088342304000000396","DOI":"10.1214\/088342304000000396"},{"key":"10219_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e690","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000690","volume":"7","author":"BR Groff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Groff BR, Wiesman AI, Rezich MT et al (2020) Age-related visual dynamics in HIV-infected adults with cognitive impairment. Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7:e690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000690","journal-title":"Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10219_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.694","volume":"98","author":"J Gross","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gross J, Kujala J, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen M et al (2001) Dynamic imaging of coherent sources: studying neural interactions in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:694\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.98.2.694","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10219_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.024","volume":"123","author":"RM Hardwick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hardwick RM, Lesage E, Eickhoff CR et al (2015) Multimodal connectivity of motor learning-related dorsal premotor cortex. NeuroImage 123:114\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR20","unstructured":"Heaton RK, Miller SW, Taylor MJ, Grant I (2004) Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults. Lutz FL Psychol Assess Resour"},{"key":"10219_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-010-0006-1","volume":"17","author":"RK Heaton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ et al (2011) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neurovirol 17:3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-010-0006-1","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10219_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23000","volume":"36","author":"E Heinrichs-Graham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW (2015) Coding complexity in the human motor circuit. Hum Brain Mapp 36:5155\u20135167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.23000","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10219_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1387-1","volume":"222","author":"E Heinrichs-Graham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heinrichs-Graham E, Kurz MJ, Gehringer JE, Wilson TW (2017) The functional role of post-movement beta oscillations in motor termination. Brain Struct Funct 222:3075\u20133086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1387-1","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"10219_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.059","volume":"165","author":"E Heinrichs-Graham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heinrichs-Graham E, Hoburg JM, Wilson TW (2018) The peak frequency of motor-related gamma oscillations is modulated by response competition. NeuroImage 165:27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.059","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito M (2005) Bases and implications of learning in the cerebellum \u2014 adaptive control and internal model mechanism. Progress in brain research. Elsevier, pp 95\u2013109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(04)48009-1"},{"key":"10219_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.12.004","volume":"261","author":"CK Kovach","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kovach CK, Gander PE (2016) The demodulated band transform. J Neurosci Methods 261:135\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.12.004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10219_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","volume":"9","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lawton MP, Brody EM (1969) Assessment of older people: Self-Maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 9:179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10219_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1860","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006504","volume":"91","author":"BJ Lew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lew BJ, McDermott TJ, Wiesman AI et al (2018) Neural dynamics of selective attention deficits in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Neurology 91:e1860\u2013e1869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006504","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10219_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaa015","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa015","volume":"2","author":"BJ Lew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lew BJ, O\u2019Neill J, Rezich MT et al (2020) Interactive effects of HIV and ageing on neural oscillations: independence from neuropsychological performance. Brain Commun 2:fcaa015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa015","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10219_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab045","volume":"31","author":"BJ Lew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lew BJ, Schantell MD, O\u2019Neill J et al (2021) Reductions in Gray matter linked to epigenetic HIV-Associated accelerated aging. Cereb Cortex 31:3752\u20133763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab045","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10219_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.07.016","volume":"6","author":"H-C Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu H-C, Mackie K (2021) Review of the endocannabinoid system. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 6:607\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.07.016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10219_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1116","volume":"66","author":"JA Manuzak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manuzak JA, Gott TM, Kirkwood JS et al (2018) Heavy Cannabis use associated with reduction in activated and inflammatory immune cell frequencies in antiretroviral Therapy\u2013Treated human immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 66:1872\u20131882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix1116","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10219_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maris E, Oostenveld R (2007) Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data. J Neurosci Methods 164:177\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10219_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.014","volume":"156","author":"TJ McDermott","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDermott TJ, Wiesman AI, Proskovec AL et al (2017) Spatiotemporal oscillatory dynamics of visual selective attention during a flanker task. NeuroImage 156:277\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204496","volume":"15","author":"CE Meehan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meehan CE, Schantell M, Wiesman AI et al (2023) Oscillatory markers of neuroHIV-related cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease during attentional interference processing. Aging 15:524\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.204496","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"10219_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac387","volume":"227","author":"EE O\u2019Connor","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor EE, Sullivan EV, Chang L et al (2023) Imaging of brain structural and functional effects in people with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 227:S16\u2013S29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac387","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10219_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199509000-00017","volume":"19","author":"J-B Poline","year":"1995","unstructured":"Poline J-B, Worsley KJ, Holmes AP et al (1995) Estimating smoothness in statistical parametric maps: variability of P values. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:788\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004728-199509000-00017","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10219_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23997","volume":"39","author":"AL Proskovec","year":"2018","unstructured":"Proskovec AL, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wiesman AI et al (2018) Oscillatory dynamics in the dorsal and ventral attention networks during the reorienting of attention. Hum Brain Mapp 39:2177\u20132190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.23997","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10219_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9554-0","volume":"9","author":"V Purohit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Purohit V, Rapaka RS, Rutter J (2014) Cannabinoid Receptor-2 and HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 9:447\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-014-9554-0","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"10219_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05717-3","volume":"238","author":"A Rangel-Pacheco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rangel-Pacheco A, Lew BJ, Schantell MD et al (2021) Altered fronto-occipital connectivity during visual selective attention in regular cannabis users. Psychopharmacology 238:1351\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-020-05717-3","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10219_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221138934","volume":"36","author":"M Schantell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schantell M, Springer SD, Arif Y et al (2022a) Regular cannabis use modulates the impact of HIV on the neural dynamics serving cognitive control. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 36:1324\u20131337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811221138934","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10219_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9818","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204437","volume":"14","author":"M Schantell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schantell M, Taylor BK, Spooner RK et al (2022b) Epigenetic aging is associated with aberrant neural oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial processing in people with HIV. Aging 14:9818\u20139831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.204437","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"10219_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26787","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26787","volume":"45","author":"M Schantell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schantell M, John JA, Coutant AT et al (2024) Chronic cannabis use alters the spontaneous and oscillatory gamma dynamics serving cognitive control. Hum Brain Mapp 45:e26787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.26787","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10219_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-024-00182-0","volume":"10","author":"JJ Son","year":"2024","unstructured":"Son JJ, Arif Y, Okelberry HJ et al (2024) Aging modulates the impact of cognitive interference subtypes on dynamic connectivity across a distributed motor network. Npj Aging 10:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41514-024-00182-0","journal-title":"Npj Aging"},{"key":"10219_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac249","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac249","volume":"4","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Wilson TW (2022) Cortical theta\u2013gamma coupling governs the adaptive control of motor commands. Brain Commun 4:fcac249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac249","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10219_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac423","volume":"33","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Wilson TW (2023) Spectral specificity of gamma-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation over motor cortex during sequential movements. Cereb Cortex 33:5347\u20135360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhac423","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10219_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.07.009","volume":"20","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Wiesman AI, Mills MS et al (2018) Aberrant oscillatory dynamics during somatosensory processing in HIV-infected adults. NeuroImage Clin 20:85\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.07.009","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10219_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx349","volume":"29","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Wiesman AI, Proskovec AL et al (2019) Rhythmic spontaneous activity mediates the Age-Related decline in somatosensory function. Cereb Cortex 29:680\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhx349","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10219_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaa080","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa080","volume":"2","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Wiesman AI, O\u2019Neill J et al (2020) Prefrontal gating of sensory input differentiates cognitively impaired and unimpaired aging adults with HIV. Brain Commun 2:fcaa080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa080","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10219_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab141","volume":"31","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Arif Y, Taylor BK, Wilson TW (2021a) Movement-Related gamma synchrony differentially predicts behavior in the presence of visual interference across the lifespan. Cereb Cortex 31:5056\u20135066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab141","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10219_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2104569118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104569118","volume":"118","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Taylor BK, Ahmad IM et al (2021b) Neural oscillatory activity serving sensorimotor control is predicted by superoxide-sensitive mitochondrial redox environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2104569118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2104569118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10219_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103487","volume":"70","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Taylor BK, Moshfegh CM et al (2021c) Neuroinflammatory profiles regulated by the redox environment predicted cognitive dysfunction in people living with HIV: A cross-sectional study. EBioMedicine 70:103487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103487","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10219_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.10.004","volume":"107","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Taylor BK, Ahmad IM et al (2023) Mitochondrial redox environments predict sensorimotor brain-behavior dynamics in adults with HIV. Brain Behav Immun 107:265\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.10.004","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10219_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.027","volume":"212","author":"RK Spooner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spooner RK, Taylor BK, Ahmad IM et al (2024) Clinical markers of HIV predict redox-regulated neural and behavioral function in the sensorimotor system. Free Radic Biol Med 212:322\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.027","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10219_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002671","volume":"53","author":"SD Springer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Springer SD, Spooner RK, Schantell M et al (2023) Regular recreational Cannabis users exhibit altered neural oscillatory dynamics during attention reorientation. Psychol Med 53:1205\u20131214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291721002671","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10219_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100961","volume":"49","author":"BK Taylor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor BK, Eastman JA, Frenzel MR et al (2021) Neural oscillations underlying selective attention follow sexually divergent developmental trajectories during adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 49:100961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100961","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10219_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318288792b","volume":"80","author":"JB Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas JB, Brier MR, Snyder AZ et al (2013) Pathways to neurodegeneration: effects of HIV and aging on resting-state functional connectivity. Neurology 80:1186\u20131193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318288792b","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10219_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720001447","volume":"27","author":"CW-M Watson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watson CW-M, Campbell LM, Sun-Suslow N et al (2021) Daily Cannabis use is associated with lower CNS inflammation in people with HIV. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 27:661\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720001447","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10219_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Webert LK, Schantell M, John JA et al (2024) Regular cannabis use modulates gamma activity in brain regions serving motor control. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 02698811241268876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811241268876","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241268876"},{"key":"10219_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06318-6","volume":"240","author":"L Weyrich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weyrich L, Arif Y, Schantell M et al (2023) Altered functional connectivity and oscillatory dynamics in polysubstance and cannabis only users during visuospatial processing. Psychopharmacology 240:769\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-023-06318-6","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10219_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116610","volume":"211","author":"AI Wiesman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiesman AI, Wilson TW (2020a) Attention modulates the gating of primary somatosensory oscillations. NeuroImage 211:116610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116610","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz214","volume":"30","author":"AI Wiesman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiesman AI, Wilson TW (2020b) Posterior alpha and gamma oscillations index divergent and superadditive effects of cognitive interference. Cereb Cortex 30:1931\u20131945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhz214","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10219_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy097","volume":"141","author":"AI Wiesman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wiesman AI, O\u2019Neill J, Mills MS et al (2018) Aberrant occipital dynamics differentiate HIV-infected patients with and without cognitive impairment. Brain 141:1678\u20131690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awy097","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10219_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116747","volume":"213","author":"AI Wiesman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiesman AI, Koshy SM, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW (2020) Beta and gamma oscillations index cognitive interference effects across a distributed motor network. NeuroImage 213:116747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116747","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117448","volume":"224","author":"AI Wiesman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiesman AI, Christopher-Hayes NJ, Eastman JA et al (2021a) Response certainty during bimanual movements reduces gamma oscillations in primary motor cortex. NeuroImage 224:117448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117448","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118024","volume":"235","author":"AI Wiesman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiesman AI, Christopher-Hayes NJ, Wilson TW (2021b) Stairway to memory: Left-hemispheric alpha dynamics index the progressive loading of items into a short-term store. NeuroImage 235:118024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10219_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9477-1","volume":"8","author":"TW Wilson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson TW, Heinrichs-Graham E, Robertson KR et al (2013) Functional brain abnormalities during Finger-Tapping in HIV-Infected older adults: A magnetoencephalography study. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 8:965\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-013-9477-1","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"10219_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.01.007","volume":"175","author":"TW Wilson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson TW, Heinrichs-Graham E, Proskovec AL, McDermott TJ (2016) Neuroimaging with magnetoencephalography: A dynamic view of brain pathophysiology. Transl Res 175:17\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.01.007","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10219_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41568","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41568","volume":"7","author":"TW Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson TW, Proskovec AL, Heinrichs-Graham E et al (2017) Aberrant neuronal dynamics during working memory operations in the aging HIV-Infected brain. Sci Rep 7:41568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep41568","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10219_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson TW, Lew BJ, Spooner RK et al (2019) Aberrant brain dynamics in neurohiv: evidence from Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) imaging. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. Elsevier, pp 285\u2013320","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.04.008"},{"key":"10219_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30107-7","volume":"7","author":"A Winston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winston A, Spudich S (2020) Cognitive disorders in people living with HIV. Lancet HIV 7:e504\u2013e513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30107-7","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10219_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:1<58::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"4","author":"KJ Worsley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Worsley KJ, Marrett S, Neelin P et al (1996) A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Hum Brain Mapp 4:58\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:1%3C58::AID-HBM4%3E3.0.CO;2-O","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10219_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:2\/3<98::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"8","author":"KJ Worsley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Worsley KJ, Andermann M, Koulis T et al (1999) Detecting changes in nonisotropic images. Hum Brain Mapp 8:98\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:2\/3%3C98::AID-HBM5%3E3.0.CO;2-F","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10219_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1912-1","volume":"59","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Li R, Wang X et al (2017) Motor-related brain abnormalities in HIV-infected patients: a multimodal MRI study. Neuroradiology 59:1133\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-017-1912-1","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10219-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10219-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10219-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T02:52:04Z","timestamp":1749178324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10219-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-025-10219-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. The Institutional Review Board of the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) reviewed and approved this protocol. All participants gave written informed consent following a detailed description of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Sara Bares reports competing interests with Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, and Janssen. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}