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For example, the cochlear implant allows for recovering the hearing function and deep brain electrostimulation has been proved to reduce tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Other approaches such as retinal prostheses are progressing rapidly, as researchers continue to investigate new strategies to activate targeted neurons more precisely. The use of arbitrary current waveform electrosimulation is a promising technique that allows exploiting the differences that exist among different neural types to enable preferential activation. This work presents a two-channel arbitrary waveform neurostimulator designed for visual prosthetics research. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) was employed to control and generate voltage waveforms via digital-to-analog converters. Voltage waveforms were then electrically isolated and converted to current waveforms using a modified Howland amplifier. Shorting of the electrodes was provided using multiplexers. The FPGA gateware was verified to a high level of confidence using a transaction-level modeled testbench, achieving a line coverage of 91.4%. The complete system was tested in saline using silver electrodes with diameters from 200 to 1000\u00a0\u00b5m. The bandwidth obtained was 30\u00a0kHz with voltage compliance\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u00a0V. The neurostimulator can be easily scaled up using the provided in\/out trigger ports and adapted to other applications with minor modifications. <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-024-03241-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T06:16:33Z","timestamp":1733984193000},"page":"1143-1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An arbitrary waveform neurostimulator for preclinical studies: design and verification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Hipolito","family":"Guzman-Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9474-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Barriga-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6332","key":"3241_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/352236a0","volume":"352","author":"BS Wilson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wilson BS, Finley CC, Lawson DT, Wolford RD, Eddington DK, Rabinowitz WM (1991) Better speech recognition with cochlear implants. 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