{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:08:29Z","timestamp":1792195709378,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015732","name":"Bahcesehir University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study aims to understand the impact of backpack carriage, a regular activity for many, on back muscles and joint mobility during walking so that clinicians can develop strategies or products to ensure individuals\u2019 safety and well-being. Surface electromyography (EMG) and XSENS Awinda motion capture systems were used to analyze the effects of carrying a backpack (12% of body weight) on erector spinae and multifidus muscles, as well as spinal, hip, knee, and ankle joints. Subjects walked at 4\u00a0km\/h on flat and inclined surfaces. Paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests compared backpack loads to baseline measurements. Carrying a backpack reduced activation levels in erector spinae and multifidus muscles and restricted spinal joint range of motion (axial and lateral bending, <jats:inline-formula>\n                <jats:alternatives>\n                  <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{p&lt;0.05}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                  <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:math>\n                <\/jats:alternatives>\n              <\/jats:inline-formula>). Hip joint rotation increased (<jats:inline-formula>\n                <jats:alternatives>\n                  <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{p&lt;0.05}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                  <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:math>\n                <\/jats:alternatives>\n              <\/jats:inline-formula>). Moderate to strong correlations were observed between muscle activity and spinal joint ROM, notably with left erector spinae and L5-S1 lateral bending (<jats:inline-formula>\n                <jats:alternatives>\n                  <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{r=0.723}, \\varvec{p&lt;0.001}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                  <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.723<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:math>\n                <\/jats:alternatives>\n              <\/jats:inline-formula>). Backpack carriage decreases back muscle activation and alters the joint range of motion. Asymmetric correlations show that the subjects adapt muscle activity and gait patterns asymmetrically to manage external loads.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-024-03280-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T05:27:25Z","timestamp":1736573245000},"page":"1427-1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of backpack load during walking: an EMG and biomechanical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5676-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u0131rat","family":"Matur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Alnamroush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5831-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bora","family":"B\u00fcy\u00fcksara\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3280_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130521","volume":"13","author":"M Gardner-Morse","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gardner-Morse M, Stokes IA, Laible JP (1995) Role of muscles in lumbar spine stability in maximum extension efforts. J Orthop Res 13(5):802\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100130521","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"3280_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Apti A, Colak T, Akcay B (2023) Normative values for cervical and lumbar range of motion in healthy young adults. J Turkish Spinal Surg 34(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jtss.galenos.2023.33042","DOI":"10.4274\/jtss.galenos.2023.33042"},{"issue":"1","key":"3280_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/3333769","volume":"35","author":"JM Curtis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Curtis JM (2001) The backpack generation and art history. J Aesthet Educ 35(1):31\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3333769","journal-title":"J Aesthet Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"3280_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0213778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213778","volume":"14","author":"I Ringheim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ringheim I, Indahl A, Roeleveld K (2019) Reduced muscle activity variability in lumbar extensor muscles during sustained sitting in individuals with chronic low back pain. PLoS One 14(3):0213778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0213778","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"3280_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.06.013","volume":"18","author":"Y Hong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hong Y, Li J-X, Fong DT-P (2008) Effect of prolonged walking with backpack loads on trunk muscle activity and fatigue in children. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 18(6):990\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.06.013","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"3280_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barbosa J, Marques MC, Neiva HP, Santos C, Branquinho L, Ferraz R, Marinho DA (2021) Impact of overloaded school backpacks: an emerging problem. Open Sports Sci J 14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1875399X02114010076","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X02114010076"},{"key":"3280_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pang S-C, Iqbal ZA, Chow DH-K (2024) Comparison of muscle activity in school students while carrying backpacks and trolley bags. Work (Preprint) 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/WOR-230628","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-230628"},{"key":"3280_CR8","unstructured":"Pang SC (2021) The heart rate and the muscle activation patterns of trunk and lower limb in different modes of carrying school trolley and backpack. PhD thesis, University of Hong Kong"},{"key":"3280_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sayyadi P, Sheikhhoseini R, Piri H (2021) The effect of carrying school bag on electromyographic activity of muscles and biomechanical parameters of walking in Iranian students: a systematic review study. Int J School Health 8(3):134\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30476\/intjsh.2021.91839.1162","DOI":"10.30476\/intjsh.2021.91839.1162"},{"issue":"2","key":"3280_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000076622.19246.CF","volume":"55","author":"CJ Hauser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hauser CJ, Visvikis G, Hinrichs C, Eber CD, Cho K, Lavery RF, Livingston DH (2003) Prospective validation of computed tomographic screening of the thoracolumbar spine in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 55(2):228\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.TA.0000076622.19246.CF","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"22","key":"3280_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224351","volume":"16","author":"K-h Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim K-h, Ann J, Jang S-h (2019) Analysis of the effect of backpack design with reduced load moment arm on spinal alignment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(22):4351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16224351","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3280_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orozco E, Joslin H, Blumenthal K, Rosario M et\u00a0al (2022) Characteristics of lower extremity muscle activation in response to change in inclination while walking on a treadmill. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24018\/ejsport.2022.1.4.24","DOI":"10.24018\/ejsport.2022.1.4.24"},{"issue":"2","key":"3280_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0246746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246746","volume":"16","author":"Q Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao Q, Shi M (2021) Spatio-temporal distribution and classification of utilization of urban bare lots in low-slope hilly regions. Plos one 16(2):0246746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246746","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"issue":"2","key":"3280_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450600582033","volume":"117","author":"C Barut","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barut C, Ozer CM, Sevinc O, Gumus M, Yunten Z (2007) Relationships between hand and foot preferences. Int J Neurosci 117(2):177\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207450600582033","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"3280_CR15","unstructured":"Incorporated D (2024) Wireless Biofeedback System. Delsys Incorporated, 23 Strathmore Road Natick, MA 01760, USA. https:\/\/www.delsys.com"},{"key":"3280_CR16","unstructured":"Stegeman D, Hermens H (2007) Standards for surface electromyography: the European project Surface EMG for non-invasive assessment of muscles (SENIAM). Enschede: Roessingh Research and Development 10:8\u201312"},{"key":"3280_CR17","volume-title":"Xsens MVN User Manual","author":"U Myn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Myn U, Link M, Awinda M (2015) Xsens MVN User Manual. Enschede, The Netherlands, Xsens Motion Technologies BV"},{"issue":"10","key":"3280_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00017-C","volume":"28","author":"G Wu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wu G, Cavanagh PR et al (1995) ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. J Biomech 28(10):1257\u20131262","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3280_CR19","unstructured":"Higgins M (2011) Therapeutic exercise: from theory to practice. FA Davis, ???"},{"issue":"1","key":"3280_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-022-02669-y","volume":"61","author":"F Matur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matur F, Ulgen Y (2023) The complex impedance phase angle of dominant arm: a useful parameter in bone mineral density (BMD) assessment of group 1 post-menopausal women. Medical Biol Eng Comput 61(1):25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-022-02669-y","journal-title":"Medical Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"10","key":"3280_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.09.010","volume":"30","author":"S Jamshidnejad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jamshidnejad S, Arjmand N (2015) Variations in trunk muscle activities and spinal loads following posterior lumbar surgery: a combined in vivo and modeling investigation. Clin Biomech 30(10):1036\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.09.010","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"3280_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suri C, Shojaei I, Bazrgari B (2020) Effects of school backpacks on spine biomechanics during daily activities: a narrative review of literature. Hum Factors 62(6):909\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872081985879","DOI":"10.1177\/001872081985879"},{"key":"3280_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dave BR, Krishnan A, Rai RR, Degulmadi D, Mayi S (2020) The effect of head loading on cervical spine in manual laborers. Asian Spine J 15(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/asj.2019.0221","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2019.0221"},{"issue":"14","key":"3280_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144890","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Qiang L, Song Q, Zhao M, Guan X (2020) Effects of backpack loads on leg muscle activation during slope walking. Appl Sci 10(14):4890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10144890","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3280_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819851299","volume":"62","author":"SS Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li SS, Chow DH (2020) Comparison of predictions between an EMG-assisted approach and two optimization-driven approaches for lumbar spine loading during walking with backpack loads. Hum Factors 62(4):565\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819851299","journal-title":"Hum Factors"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03280-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03280-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03280-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T06:08:45Z","timestamp":1746770925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03280-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03280-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: The photos of authors Firat Matur and Bora B\u00fcy\u00fcsara\u00e7 were interchanged.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the studies that involved human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All subjects have signed an informed consent form prior to participating in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}