{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:18:52Z","timestamp":1789147132809,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-025-03489-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T01:27:19Z","timestamp":1764552439000},"page":"781-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multimodal brain-computer interface for robotic control: integration of real-time gaze tracking and EEG-based motor imagery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Chandresh","family":"Palanichamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash Palaniappan","family":"Thirumoorthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4160-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kishor","family":"Lakshminarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Madathil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Habibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3489_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20535","volume":"51","author":"K Walker-Bone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walker-Bone K, Palmer KT, Reading I, Coggon D, Cooper C (2004) Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb in the general population. Arthritis Care Res 51(4):642\u2013651","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"3489_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-7-7","volume":"7","author":"BM Huisstede","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huisstede BM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Koes BW, Verhaar JA (2006) Incidence and prevalence of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. A systematic appraisal of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 7:1\u20137","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"21","key":"3489_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004417","volume":"47","author":"W Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding W, Hu S, Wang P, Kang H, Peng R, Dong Y, Li F (2022) Spinal cord injury: the global incidence, prevalence, and disability from the global burden of disease study 2019. Spine 47(21):1532\u20131540","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"6","key":"3489_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cml047","volume":"23","author":"KT Palmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Palmer KT, Calnan M, Wainwright D, O\u2019neill C, Winterbottom A, Watkins C, Coggon D (2006) Upper limb pain in primary care: health beliefs, somatic distress, consulting and patient satisfaction. Fam Pract 23(6):609\u2013617","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"3489_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464813496464","volume":"34","author":"AR Darragh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darragh AR, Sommerich CM, Lavender SA, Tanner KJ, Vogel K, Campo M (2015) Musculoskeletal discomfort, physical demand, and caregiving activities in informal caregivers. J Appl Gerontol 34(6):734\u2013760","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3489_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181cf569b","volume":"89","author":"SW Brose","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brose SW, Weber DJ, Salatin BA, Grindle GG, Wang H, Vazquez JJ, Cooper RA (2010) The role of assistive robotics in the lives of persons with disability. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89(6):509\u2013521","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3489_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maheu V, Archambault PS, Frappier J, Routhier F (2011) Evaluation of the JACO robotic arm: Clinico-economic study for powered wheelchair users with upper-extremity disabilities. In 2011 IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2011.5975397"},{"key":"3489_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driessen BJF, Evers HG, v Woerden JA (2001) MANUS\u2014a wheelchair-mounted rehabilitation robot. Proceed Inst Mech Eng Part H: J Eng Med 215(3):285\u2013290","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411011535876"},{"key":"3489_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bien Z, Kim DJ, Chung MJ, Kwon DS, Chang PH (2003) Development of a wheelchair-based rehabilitation robotic system (KARES II) with various human-robot interaction interfaces for the disabled. In Proceedings 2003 IEEE\/ASME international conference on advanced intelligent mechatronics (AIM 2003) (Vol. 2, pp. 902\u2013907). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM.2003.1225462"},{"key":"3489_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-007-0226-6","volume":"45","author":"T Nef","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nef T, Mihelj M, Riener R (2007) ARMin: a robot for patient-cooperative arm therapy. Med Biol Eng Comput 45:887\u2013900","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"3489_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e3283531806","volume":"35","author":"JD Ripat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ripat JD, Woodgate RL (2012) The role of assistive technology in self-perceived participation. Int J Rehabil Res 35(2):170\u2013177","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"3489_CR12","unstructured":"Lin CHL, Fu LC, Lai JS, Luh JJ, Chen WS (n.d.) Assistive control system for upper limb rehabilitation robot"},{"key":"3489_CR13","unstructured":"Lin CS, Ho CW, Chen WC, Chiu CC, Yeh MS (2006) Powered wheelchair controlled by eye-tracking system. Optica Applicata p 36"},{"key":"3489_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziemian S, Abbott WW, Faisal AA (2016) Gaze-based teleprosthetic enables intuitive continuous control of complex robot arm use: writing & drawing. In 2016 6th IEEE international conference on biomedical robotics and biomechatronics (BioRob) (pp. 1277\u20131282). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2016.7523807"},{"key":"3489_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meena YK, Chowdhury A, Cecotti H, Wong-Lin K, Nishad SS, Dutta A, Prasad G (2016) Emohex: an eye tracker based mobility and hand exoskeleton device for assisting disabled people. In 2016 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC) (pp. 002122\u2013002127). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2016.7844553"},{"issue":"4","key":"3489_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2014.891970","volume":"46","author":"CS Hwang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hwang CS, Weng HH, Wang LF, Tsai CH, Chang HT (2014) An eye-tracking assistive device improves the quality of life for ALS patients and reduces the caregivers\u2019 burden. J Mot Behav 46(4):233\u2013238","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"3489_CR17","volume":"2017","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Liu X, Yuan SM, Lin SF (2017) Eye tracking based control system for natural human-computer interaction. Comput Intell Neurosci 2017(1):5739301","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3489_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2014.1001301","volume":"31","author":"P Biswas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Biswas P, Langdon P (2015) Multimodal intelligent eye-gaze tracking system. Int J Hum Comput Interact 31(4):277\u2013294","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"3489_CR19","unstructured":"Meena YK, Cecotti H, Wong-Lin K, Prasad G (2015) Powered wheelchair control with a multimodal interface using eye-tracking and soft-switch. In 7th annual translational medicine conf (p. 1)"},{"issue":"13","key":"3489_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2012.1530","volume":"48","author":"QX Nguyen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nguyen QX, Jo S (2012) Electric wheelchair control using head pose free eye-gaze tracker. Electron Lett 48(13):750\u2013752","journal-title":"Electron Lett"},{"key":"3489_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0276-4","volume":"14","author":"J Andrade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrade J, Cec\u00edlio J, Sim\u00f5es M, Sales F, Castelo-Branco M (2017) Separability of motor imagery of the self from interpretation of motor intentions of others at the single trial level: an EEG study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 14:1\u201313","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"3489_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114760","volume":"459","author":"P Sengupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sengupta P, Lakshminarayanan K (2024) Cortical activation and BCI performance during brief tactile imagery: a comparative study with motor imagery. Behav Brain Res 459:114760","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"3489_CR23","unstructured":"Lotte F (2008) Study of electroencephalographic signal processing and classification techniques towards the use of brain-computer interfaces in virtual reality applications (Doctoral dissertation, INSA de Rennes)"},{"key":"3489_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63934-9.00002-0","volume":"168","author":"JR Wolpaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolpaw JR, Millan JDR, Ramsey NF (2020) Brain-computer interfaces: definitions and principles. Handb Clin Neurol 168:15\u201323","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3489_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00456.x","volume":"43","author":"N Birbaumer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Birbaumer N (2006) Breaking the silence: brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control. Psychophysiology 43(6):517\u2013532","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3489_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22246","volume":"35","author":"B Lorey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lorey B, Naumann T, Pilgramm S, Petermann C, Bischoff M, Zentgraf K, Munzert J (2014) Neural simulation of actions: effector-versus action\u2010specific motor maps within the human premotor and posterior parietal area? Hum Brain Mapp 35(4):1212\u20131225","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"3489_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01113.2002","author":"HH Ehrsson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ehrsson HH, Geyer S, Naito E (2003) Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations. J Neurophysiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.01113.2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3489_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2012.10.001","volume":"40","author":"C Sauvage","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sauvage C, Jissendi P, Seignan S, Manto M, Habas C (2013) Brain areas involved in the control of speed during a motor sequence of the foot: real movement versus mental imagery. J Neuroradiol 40(4):267\u2013280","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3489_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00889-6","volume":"239","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C (1997) Motor imagery activates primary sensorimotor area in humans. Neurosci Lett 239(2\u20133):65\u201368","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"3489_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2011.03.005","volume":"41","author":"Y Jeon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeon Y, Nam CS, Kim YJ, Whang MC (2011) Event-related (De) synchronization (ERD\/ERS) during motor imagery tasks: implications for brain\u2013computer interfaces. Int J Ind Ergon 41(5):428\u2013436","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"3489_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023437823106","volume":"12","author":"DJ McFarland","year":"2000","unstructured":"McFarland DJ, Miner LA, Vaughan TM, Wolpaw JR (2000) Mu and beta rhythm topographies during motor imagery and actual movements. Brain Topogr 12:177\u2013186","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"3489_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056028","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad7f8d","volume":"21","author":"A Dillen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dillen A, Omidi M, Ghaffari F, Vanderborght B, Roelands B, Romain O, De Pauw K (2024) A shared robot control system combining augmented reality and motor imagery brain\u2013computer interfaces with eye tracking. J Neural Eng 21(5):056028","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"3489_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2012.2226444","volume":"42","author":"A Frisoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frisoli A, Loconsole C, Leonardis D, Banno F, Barsotti M, Chisari C, Bergamasco M (2012) A new gaze-BCI-driven control of an upper limb exoskeleton for rehabilitation in real-world tasks. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernetics Part C (Applications Reviews) 42(6):1169\u20131179","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernetics Part C (Applications Reviews)"},{"key":"3489_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zeng H, Song A, Xu B, Li H, Zhu L, Liu J (2017) Robotic arm control using hybrid brain-machine interface and augmented reality feedback. In 2017 8th international IEEE\/EMBS conference on neural engineering (NER) (pp. 411\u2013414). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2017.8008377"},{"issue":"4","key":"3489_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3390\/math10040618","volume":"10","author":"B Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu B, Li W, Liu D, Zhang K, Miao M, Xu G, Song A (2022) Continuous hybrid BCI control for robotic arm using noninvasive electroencephalogram, computer vision, and eye tracking. Mathematics 10(4):618","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"3489_CR36","unstructured":"Sakamak I, Tavakoli M, Wiebe S, Adams K (2020) Integration of an eye gaze interface and BCI with biofeedback for human-robot interaction. Available online: https:\/\/era.library.ualberta.ca\/items\/c00514a1-e810-4ddf-9e1b-af3a3d90c65a (accessed on 2 December 2024)"},{"key":"3489_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00025","volume":"5","author":"A Haji Fathaliyan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haji Fathaliyan A, Wang X, Santos VJ (2018) Exploiting three-dimensional gaze tracking for action recognition during bimanual manipulation to enhance human\u2013robot collaboration. Front Robot AI 5:25","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"3489_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2017.00060","volume":"11","author":"H Zeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng H, Wang Y, Wu C, Song A, Liu J, Ji P, Xu Baoguo, Zhu Lifeng, Li Huijun, Wen P (2017) Closed-loop hybrid gaze brain-machine interface based robotic arm control with augmented reality feedback. Front Neurorobot 11:60","journal-title":"Front Neurorobot"}],"container-title":["Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03489-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03489-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03489-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:26:09Z","timestamp":1772252769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03489-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["3489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03489-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}