{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:21:04Z","timestamp":1788153664342,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-026-03665-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:51:38Z","timestamp":1788151898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and implementation of an automated micrometric bone distraction system based in a fuzzy logic controller for an Aybar-type external fixator"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3590-3213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao Marcelo","family":"Valdivia De La Gala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8614-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Sophia","family":"Valladares Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Hernan","family":"Inga Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"3665_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005321","volume":"5","author":"J Wee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wee J, Akins RE, Mackenzie WG, Seliktar R, Levine DG, Richardson DW, Dodge GR, Rahman T (2011) Development of a force-driven distractor for distraction osteogenesis. J Med Devices 5:041004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4005321","journal-title":"J Med Devices"},{"issue":"3","key":"3665_CR2","first-page":"95","volume":"15","author":"AM Aybar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aybar AM (2001) Fracturas expuestas, clasificaci\u00f3n y fijaci\u00f3n externa. Opci\u00f3n del Tercer Mundo Rev Mex Ortop Traumatol 15(3):95\u2013108","journal-title":"Opci\u00f3n del Tercer Mundo Rev Mex Ortop Traumatol"},{"key":"3665_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aybar-Montoya (2020) Fracturas: Cuarenta a\u00f1os de tratamiento con FED. Alternativas para pa\u00edses en desarrollo. Diagn\u00f3stico (Lima) 59(1):23\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33734\/diagnostico.v59i1.204","DOI":"10.33734\/diagnostico.v59i1.204"},{"issue":"4","key":"3665_CR4","first-page":"441","volume":"37","author":"M Bernstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernstein M, Little MTM, Marecek G (2023) Current management of acute and posttraumatic critical bone defects. J Orthop Trauma 37(4):441\u2013450","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"3665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1935-0","volume":"37","author":"AV Gubin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gubin AV, Borzunov DY, Malkova TA (2013) The Ilizarov paradigm: thirty years with the Ilizarov method, current concerns and future research. Int Orthop 37(8):1533\u20131539","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"3665_CR6","first-page":"330","volume":"45","author":"P Gonz\u00e1lez Herranz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Herranz P (2001) Elongaciones \u00f3seas con clavos endomedulares. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol 45(4):330\u2013337","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol"},{"key":"3665_CR7","unstructured":"Renzi-Brivio L, Lavini F (2021) Quick Reference Guide: Diaphyseal and Metaphyseal Fractures. Part B: The ProCallus Fixator (90000 Series); Orthofix Srl: Bussolengo (Verona), Italy"},{"key":"3665_CR8","unstructured":"Acumed LLC (2018) T\u00e9cnica quir\u00fargica del sistema de fijaci\u00f3n externa Stableloc Acumed\u00ae; Acumed: Hillsboro, OR, USA. Available online: https:\/\/www.acumed.net"},{"key":"3665_CR9","unstructured":"Smith & Nephew, Inc (2020) Surgical Technique for the Modular Rail System (MRS), Rev. B; Smith & Nephew: Memphis, TN, USA. Available online: https:\/\/www.smith-nephew.com"},{"key":"3665_CR10","unstructured":"Department of Physics, Columbia University (2003) Error Analysis Guide, Appendix A. Adapted from Susan Cartwright, University of Sheffield, UK, 2003. physics.columbia.edu. Available online: https:\/\/www.physics.columbia.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/content\/Lab20Resources\/Error_Analysis_Guide.pdf"},{"key":"3665_CR11","unstructured":"NuVasive Specialized Orthopedics, Inc (2022) Patient Manual ERC 2P Model: ERC 2P (Rev. I, LC0044). Available online: https:\/\/www.nuvasive.com"},{"issue":"2","key":"3665_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1302\/1863-2548.15.210063","volume":"15","author":"R Gigi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gigi R, Mor J, Lidor I, Ovadia D, Segev E (2021) Auto Strut: A novel smart robotic system for external fixation device for bone deformity correction, a preliminary experience. J Child Orthop 15(2):130\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/1863-2548.15.210063","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"3665_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00175-9","volume":"20","author":"GT Aarnes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aarnes GT, Steen H, Ludvigsen P, Kristiansen LP, Reikeras O (2002) High frequency distraction improves tissue adaptation during leg lengthening in humans. J Orthop Res 20(4):789\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00175-9","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"3665_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.09.028","volume":"40","author":"H Isaksson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Isaksson H, Comas O, van Donkelaar CC, Mediavilla J, Wilson W, Huiskes R, Ito K (2007) Bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis: Mechano-regulation by shear strain and fluid velocity. J Biomech 40:2002\u20132011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.09.028","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3665_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2021.100077","volume":"11","author":"R Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu R, Feng Y, Liu Y, Yang H (2021) Mechanical regulation of bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis. Med Novel Technol Devices 11:100077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medntd.2021.100077","journal-title":"Med Novel Technol Devices"},{"key":"3665_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2017.1288725","volume":"58","author":"MM Alzahrani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alzahrani MM, Anam E, AlQahtani SM, Makhdom AM, Hamdy RC (2017) Strategies of enhancing bone regenerate formation in distraction osteogenesis. Connect Tissue Res 58:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03008207.2017.1288725","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res"},{"key":"3665_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198902000-00029","volume":"239","author":"GA Ilizarov","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ilizarov GA (1989) The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 239:263\u2013285","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3665_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00064-013-0235-0","volume":"25","author":"A Krieg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krieg A (2013) Intramedullary limb lengthening with a motorized nail. Oper Orthop Traumatol 25(4):379\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00064-013-0235-0","journal-title":"Oper Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"3665_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipemt.2023.100016","volume":"5","author":"Y Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu Y, Tang Y, Cheng X, Tan Y, Li M, Zhang Z, Wang H, Liu J, Li X (2023) Automated continuous distraction osteogenesis system for limb lengthening and reconstruction. IPEM-Translation 5:100016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipemt.2023.100016","journal-title":"IPEM-Translation"},{"issue":"24","key":"3665_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9074","DOI":"10.3390\/app10249074","volume":"10","author":"G Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li G, Li J, Dong M, Zuo S (2020) Development and preliminary trajectory verification of the electromotor-driven parallel external fixator for deformity correction. Appl Sci 10(24):9074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10249074","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"3665_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20217","volume":"24","author":"MT Lauterburg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lauterburg MT, Exner GU, Jacob HAC (2006) Forces involved in lower limb lengthening: An in vivo biomechanical study. J Orthop Res 24:1815\u20131822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.20217","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"3665_CR22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007) Weight-for-age GIRLS 5 to 10 years (z-scores). WHO Child Growth Standards. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/child-growth-standards\/standards\/weight-for-age"},{"key":"3665_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B6.0780979","volume":"78","author":"AHRW Simpson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Simpson AHRW, Cunningham JL, Kenwright J (1996) The forces which develop in the tissues during leg lengthening: A clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 78:979\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.78B6.0780979","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"3665_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.138243","volume":"1309","author":"NG Khouri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khouri NG, Bah\u00fa JO, Blanco-Llamero C, Severino P, Concha VOC, Souto EB (2024) Polylactic acid (PLA): Properties, synthesis, and biomedical applications - a review of the literature. J Mol Struct 1309:138243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.138243","journal-title":"J Mol Struct"},{"key":"3665_CR25","unstructured":"NFP Motor (2024) 12V\u201324V High Torque Low Speed DC Motor with Encoder, Self-locking Model NFP-5840-31ZY-EN. microdcmotors.com. Available online: https:\/\/microdcmotors.com\/product\/12v-24v-high-torque-low-speed-dc-motor-with-encoder-self-locking-model-nfp-5840-31zy-en"},{"key":"3665_CR26","unstructured":"OMRON Corporation (2023) E6B2-C Incremental 40-mm-dia. Rotary Encoder, Datasheet; Industrial Automation Company: Kyoto, Japan. Available online: http:\/\/www.ia.omron.com\/. Accessed 19 Aug 2024"},{"key":"3665_CR27","unstructured":"Naylamp Mechatronics (2024) Driver Puente H L298N. naylampmechatronics.com. Available online: https:\/\/naylampmechatronics.com\/drivers\/11-driver-puente-h-l298n.html"},{"key":"3665_CR28","unstructured":"Tesla Electronic. M\u00f3dulo DS3231 Real Time Clock. Available online: https:\/\/www.teslaelectronic.com.pe\/producto\/modulo-ds3231-real-time-clock\/?srsltid=AfmBOorB8edsdsvbBCac8OYy_vbCfkeETrVg0FJCSEpAIbVNQ1RQPbny. Accessed 19 June 2025"},{"key":"3665_CR29","unstructured":"InvenSense Inc (2013) MPU-6000 and MPU-6050 Product Specification, Document No. PS-MPU-6000A-00, Rev. 3.4. Available online: https:\/\/www.invensense.com"},{"key":"3665_CR30","unstructured":"OMRON Electronics, Inc (1997) Solid State Relay G3MB, Datasheet; Cat. No. GC RLY6; OMRON Electronics: Schaumburg, IL, USA; OMRON Canada: Scarborough, ON, Canada. Specifications subject to change without notice"},{"key":"3665_CR31","unstructured":"Espressif Systems (2025) ESP32 Series Datasheet, Version 4.9. Available online: https:\/\/www.espressif.com\/documentation\/esp32_datasheet_en.pdf"},{"key":"3665_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Korial MS, Oglah HB, Mahdi FA, Mohammed NA (2022) Comparison between LPID, NPID and fuzzy logic controllers for DC motor position control using MATLAB simulation. Indones. J Electr Eng Comput Sci 28:1820\u20131827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijeecs.v28.i4.pp1820-1827","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v28.i4.pp1820-1827"},{"key":"3665_CR33","unstructured":"Martin Margana DB, Habinuddin E (2023) Fuzzy logic controller implementation for DC motor position with real-time operating system. Int J Inf Syst Technol 6:654\u2013663. ISSN 2580-7250"},{"key":"3665_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18610","volume":"9","author":"M Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali M, Ullah Z, Ahmad I, Fayaz M, Khan S, Azeem M, Rehman NU, Kim HS (2023) Intelligent control of DC motor: A comparative performance evaluation of state-of-the-art techniques. Heliyon 9:e18610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18610","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"12","key":"3665_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3575-0","volume":"472","author":"YM Kirane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kirane YM, Fragomen AT, Rozbruch SR (2014) Precision of the PRECICE internal bone lengthening nail. Clin Orthop Relat Res 472(12):3869\u20133878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-014-3575-0","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-026-03665-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-026-03665-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-026-03665-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:51:49Z","timestamp":1788151909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-026-03665-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["3665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-026-03665-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants, identifiable personal data, human tissues, animals, or any procedures requiring approval from an institutional ethics committee. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for the development, simulation, and experimental testing of the mechanical and control system presented in this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}