{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:53:10Z","timestamp":1792288390135,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]],"date-time":"2010-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1281484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]],"date-time":"2010-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1281484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-010-9481-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,10]],"date-time":"2010-08-10T16:57:30Z","timestamp":1281459450000},"page":"356-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Barriers to Formal Emergency Obstetric Care Services\u2019 Utilization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Hildah","family":"Essendi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Fotso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"9481_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69380-X","volume":"368","author":"C Ronsmans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ronsmans C, Graham WJ. Maternal mortality: who, when, where and why. Lancet. 2006; 368: 1189\u20131200.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9481_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69385-9","volume":"368","author":"A Starrs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Starrs A. Safe motherhood initiative: 20\u00a0years and counting. Lancet. 2006; 368: 1130\u20131132.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9481_CR3","volume-title":"The millennium development goals report 2006","author":"United Nations","year":"2006","unstructured":"United Nations. The millennium development goals report 2006. New York: United Nations; 2006."},{"key":"9481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.11.026","volume":"88","author":"A Paxton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paxton A, Maine D, Freedman L, Fry D, Lobis S. The evidence for emergency obstetric care. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2005; 88: 181\u2013193.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"9481_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Proportion of births attended by a skilled health worker, 2008 updates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008."},{"key":"9481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69381-1","volume":"368","author":"OMR Campbell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Campbell OMR, Graham WJ. Strategies for reducing maternal mortality: getting on with what works. Lancet. 2006; 368: 1284\u20131299.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9481_CR7","volume-title":"The millennium development goals report","author":"United Nations","year":"2009","unstructured":"United Nations. The millennium development goals report. New York: United Nations; 2009."},{"key":"9481_CR8","volume-title":"Maternal mortality in 2000: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA","author":"WHO\/UNICEF\/UNFPA","year":"2004","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF\/UNFPA. Maternal mortality in 2000: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004."},{"key":"9481_CR9","unstructured":"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) [Kenya], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Kenya], ORC Macro. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Calverton, MD: CBS, MoH, and ORC Macro; 2004."},{"key":"9481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-6-6","volume":"6","author":"AK Ziraba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ziraba AK, Madise N, Mills S, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh A. Maternal mortality in the informal settlements of Nairobi city: what do we know? Reprod Health. 2009; 6: 6.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"9481_CR11","volume-title":"Population and health dynamics in Nairobi's informal settlements","author":"APHRC (African Population and Health Research Center)","year":"2002","unstructured":"APHRC (African Population and Health Research Center). Population and health dynamics in Nairobi's informal settlements. Nairobi: African Population and Health Research Center; 2002."},{"key":"9481_CR12","unstructured":"Central Bureau of Statistics. Welfare Monitoring Survey III. Government Priorities ed. Nairobi: Ministry of Planning and National Development; 2000."},{"key":"9481_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2003.04.008","volume":"32","author":"B Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohen B. Urban growth in developing countries: a review of current trends and a caution regarding existing forecast. World Dev. 2004; 32: 23\u201351.","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"9481_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/2808123","volume":"24","author":"MP Brockerhoff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brockerhoff MP, Brennan E. The poverty of cities in developing countries. Popul Dev Rev. 1998; 24: 75\u2013114.","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"9481_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90226-7","volume":"38","author":"S Thaddeus","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thaddeus S, Maine D. Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Soc Sci Med. 1994; 38: 1091\u20131110.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"9481_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932001003753","volume":"33","author":"M Magadi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Magadi M, Diamond I, Madise N. Analysis of factors associated with maternal mortality in Kenyan hospitals. J Biosoc Sci. 2001; 33: 375\u2013389.","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"9481_CR17","volume-title":"Averting preventable maternal mortality: delays and barriers to the utilization of emergency obstetric care in Nairobi's informal settlements","author":"African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), The World Bank","year":"2006","unstructured":"African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), The World Bank. Averting preventable maternal mortality: delays and barriers to the utilization of emergency obstetric care in Nairobi's informal settlements. Nairobi: APHRC and The World Bank; 2006."},{"key":"9481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.04.019","volume":"63","author":"HE Onah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Onah HE, Ikeako LC, Iloabachie GC. Factors associated with the use of maternity services in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 63: 1870\u20131878.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"9481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-2-3","volume":"2","author":"M Cham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cham M, Sundby J, Vangen S. Maternal mortality in the rural Gambia, a qualitative study on access to emergency obstetric care. Reprod Health. 2005; 2: 3.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"9481_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.06.001","volume":"65","author":"AJ Gage","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gage AJ. Barriers to the utilization of maternal health care in rural Mali. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 65: 1666\u20131682.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"9481_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-9-46","volume":"9","author":"AK Ziraba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ziraba AK, Mills S, Madise N, Saliku T, Fotso JC. The state of emergency obstetric care services in Nairobi informal settlements and environs: results from a maternity health facility survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009; 9: 46.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"9481_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0326-4","volume":"13","author":"JC Fotso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fotso JC, Ezeh A, Madise N, Ziraba A, Ogollah R. What does access to maternal health care mean among the urban poor? Factors associated with the use of appropriate maternal health services in the slum settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Matern Child Health. 2008; 13: 130\u2013137.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health"},{"key":"9481_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472032000137853","volume":"57","author":"MA Magadi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Magadi MA, Zulu EM, Brockerhoff M. The inequality of maternal health care in urban sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. Pop Stud. 2003; 57: 347\u2013366.","journal-title":"Pop Stud"},{"key":"9481_CR24","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions","author":"JW Creswell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Creswell JW. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1998."},{"key":"9481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2009.00185.x","volume":"40","author":"ES Bazant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bazant ES, Koenig MA, Fotso JC, Mills S. Women's use of private and government health facilities for childbirth in Nairobi's informal settlements. Stud Fam Plann. 2009; 40: 39\u201350.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"9481_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-008-9263-1","volume":"85","author":"JC Fotso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fotso JC, Ezeh A, Oronje R. Provision and use of maternal health services among urban poor in Kenya: what do we know and what can we do? J Urban Health. 2008; 85: 428\u2013442.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"9481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czn042","volume":"24","author":"C Izugbara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Izugbara C, Ezeh A, Fotso JC. The persistence and challenges of homebirths: perspectives of traditional birth attendants in urban Kenya. Health Policy Plann. 2009; 24: 36\u201345.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plann"},{"key":"9481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)10018-1","volume":"46","author":"D Barnes-Josiah","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barnes-Josiah D, Myntti C, Augustin A. The \u201cthree delays\u201d as a framework for examining maternal mortality in Haiti. Soc Sci Med. 1998; 46: 981\u2013993.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"9481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-6-5","volume":"6","author":"M Cham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cham M, Sundby J, Vangen S. Availability and quality of emergency obstetric care in Gambia's main referral hospital: women-users' testimonies. Reprod Health. 2009; 6: 5.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"9481_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2307\/3583247","volume":"4","author":"M Kowalewski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kowalewski M, Jahn A, Kimatta SS. Why do at-risk mothers fail to reach referral level? Barriers beyond distance and cost. Afri J Reprod Health. 2000; 4: 100\u2013109.","journal-title":"Afri J Reprod Health"},{"key":"9481_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00275-0","volume":"50","author":"B Amooti-Kaguna","year":"2000","unstructured":"Amooti-Kaguna B, Nuwaha F. Factors influencing choice of delivery sites in Rakai district of Uganda. Soc Sci Med. 2000; 50: 203\u2013213.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"9481_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-3-2","volume":"3","author":"AM Van Eijk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Eijk AM, Bles HM, Odhiambo F, et al. Use of antenatal services and delivery care among women in rural western Kenya: a community based survey. Reprod Health. 2006; 3: 2.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"9481_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2307\/1966526","volume":"23","author":"The Prevention of Maternal Mortality Network","year":"1992","unstructured":"The Prevention of Maternal Mortality Network. Barriers to treatment of obstetric emergencies in rural communities of West Africa. Stud Fam Plann. 1992; 23: 279\u2013291.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"9481_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czm044","volume":"23","author":"J Kippenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kippenberg J, Sahokwasama JB, Amon JJ. Detention of insolvent patients in Burundian hospitals. Health Policy Plann. 2007; 23: 14\u201323.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plann"},{"key":"9481_CR35","unstructured":"Family Care International. Recommendations of the Women Deliver Conference, London 2007. Women Deliver Web site. http:\/\/www.womendeliver.org\/resources\/pdf\/Focuson5.pdf. Accessed September 3, 2009."}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9481-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9481-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/index\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9481-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9481-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T17:12:03Z","timestamp":1630429923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9481-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9481-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2010","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}