{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T12:11:40Z","timestamp":1778847100926,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01MH112436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01MH112436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA023356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA023356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Loan Repayment Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Loan Repayment Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-018-00325-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T20:13:43Z","timestamp":1544732023000},"page":"112-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Interaction of Race and Gender as a Significant Driver of Racial Arrest Disparities for African American Men"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5099-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Fielding-Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah L. F.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Caslin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128713514801","volume":"60","author":"R Brame","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brame R, Bushway SD, Paternoster R, Turner MG. Demographic patterns of cumulative arrest prevalence by ages 18 and 23. Crime Delinq. 2014;60(3):471\u201386.","journal-title":"Crime Delinq"},{"key":"325_CR2","unstructured":"Bonzcar TP. Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974\u20132001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs; 2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"325_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000026","volume":"8","author":"J Schnittker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schnittker J, Massoglia M, Uggen C. Incarceration and the health of the African American community. Du Bois Review-Social Science Research on Race. 2011;8(1):133\u201341.","journal-title":"Du Bois Review-Social Science Research on Race"},{"key":"325_CR4","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Annual Review of Sociology, Vol 41","author":"JC Phelan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phelan JC, Link BG. Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health? In: Cook KS, Massey DS, editors. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol 41; 2015. p. 311\u201330."},{"key":"325_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-0016-7","volume":"93","author":"AA Sewell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sewell AA, Jefferson KA. Collateral damage: the health effects of invasive police encounters in new York City. J Urban Health. 2016;93:S42\u201367.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"325_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0519-1","volume":"53","author":"K Turney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turney K, Schneider D. Incarceration and household asset ownership. Demography. Dec 2016;53(6):2075\u2013103.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"10077","key":"325_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","volume":"389","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wildeman C, Wang EA. Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1464\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5893.2008.00342.x","volume":"42","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Massoglia M. Incarceration, health, and racial disparities in health. Law Soc Rev. 2008;42(2):275\u2013306.","journal-title":"Law Soc Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"325_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650804900105","volume":"49","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Massoglia M. Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. J Health Soc Behav. Mar 2008;49(1):56\u201371.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1353\/sor.2006.0010","volume":"73","author":"LD Bobo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bobo LD, Thompson V. Unfair by design: the war on drugs, race, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Soc Res. 2006;73(2):445\u201372.","journal-title":"Soc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2012.761721","volume":"32","author":"OC Mitchell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitchell OC. M.S. examining racial disparities in drug arrests. Justice Q. 2015;32(2):288\u2013313.","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"key":"325_CR12","unstructured":"Alexander M. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press; 2012."},{"key":"325_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.003","volume":"167","author":"NE Fearn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fearn NE, Vaughn MG, Nelson E, Salas-Wright CP, DeLisi M, Qian ZM. Trends and correlates of substance use disorders among probationers and parolees in the United States 2002-2014. Drug Alcohol Depend. Oct 2016;167:128\u201339.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.976","volume":"301","author":"RK Chandler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chandler RK, Fletcher BW, Volkow ND. Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system improving public health and safety. Jama. 2009;301(2):183\u201390.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.191759","volume":"101","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Pouget ER, Chatterjee S, Cleland CM, Tempalski B, Brady JE, et al. Drug arrests and injection drug deterrence. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(2):344\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"325_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.12.020","volume":"32","author":"PD Friedmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friedmann PD, Taxman FS, Henderson CE. Evidence-based treatment practices for drug-involved adults in the criminal justice system. J Subst Abus Treat. Apr 2007;32(3):267\u201377.","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"325_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freudenberg N, Heller D. A review of opportunities to improve the health of people involved in the criminal justice system in the United States. In: Fielding JE, ed. Annual Review of Public Health, Vol 37. Vol 37; 2016:313\u221233.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021420"},{"key":"325_CR18","unstructured":"Tuxy S, Samuels J, Adams W. Drug Offenders in Federal Prison: Estimates of Characteristics Based on Linked Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2015."},{"key":"325_CR19","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; 2017."},{"key":"325_CR20","unstructured":"Health, United States, 2016: with Chartbook on long-term trends in health. In: Services UDoHaH, ed. Hyattsville, MD; 2017."},{"key":"325_CR21","unstructured":"Hedden SL, Kennet J, Lipari R, et. al. Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2015."},{"key":"325_CR22","unstructured":"Sessions J. Attorney general Jeff sessions delivers remarks at the 30th DARE training conference. Washington, DC: Office of Public Affairs; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"325_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098009349772","volume":"47","author":"TR Samara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samara TR. Policing development: urban renewal as neo-liberal security strategy. Urban Stud. 2010;47(1):197\u2013214.","journal-title":"Urban Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2014.961359","volume":"36","author":"T Parekh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parekh T. \u201cThey want to live in the Treme, but they want it for their ways of living\u201d: gentrification and neighborhood practice in Treme, New Orleans. Urban Geogr. 2015;36(2):201\u201320.","journal-title":"Urban Geogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"325_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764207307742","volume":"51","author":"WA Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith WA, Allen WR, Danley LL. \u201cAssume the position ... You fit the description\u201d\u2014psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students. Am Behav Sci. 2007;51(4):551\u201378.","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"key":"325_CR26","unstructured":"Van Cleve NG. Crook County: Racism and injustice in America\u2019s largest criminal court. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press; 2016.."},{"issue":"1","key":"325_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2008.0011","volume":"45","author":"DS Kirk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirk DS. The neighborhood context of racial and ethnic disparities in arrest. Demography. 2008;45(1):55\u201377.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00226.x","volume":"49","author":"DS Kirk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirk DS, Matsuda M. Legal cynicism, collective efficacy, and the ecology of arrest. Criminology. 2011;49(2):443\u201372.","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"1","key":"325_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2006.00044.x","volume":"44","author":"K Beckett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beckett K, Nyrop K, Pfingst L. Race, drugs, and policing: understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests. Criminology. 2006;44(1):105\u201337.","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"9","key":"325_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504268000","volume":"19","author":"C Kaukinen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaukinen C. The help-seeking strategies of female violent-crime victims\u2014the direct and conditional effects of race and the victim-offender relationship. J Interpers Violence. 2004;19(9):967\u201390.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"325_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.03.008","volume":"32","author":"R Fielding-Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fielding-Miller R, Davidson P, Raj A. Blacks face higher risk of drug arrest in white neighborhoods. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;32:100\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"325_CR32","unstructured":"Police Service Areas (PSA). In: DCGISopendata, ed. DCGIS Open Data: public safety. Washington, DC; 2012."},{"key":"325_CR33","unstructured":"Place of Birth for the Foreign-born Population in the United States American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2011-2015). US Census Bureau. Available at: https:\/\/censusreporter.org\/data\/table\/?table=B05006&primary_geo_id=16000US1150000&geo_ids=16000US1150000,05000US11001,31000US47900,04000US11,01000US . Accessed 12 June 2017."},{"key":"325_CR34","unstructured":"NeighborhoodInfoDC: Sources and Notes. Urban Institute. 2018. Available at: http:\/\/www.neighborhoodinfodc.org\/Sources_notes.html . Accessed 25 January 2017"},{"key":"325_CR35","first-page":"1315","volume":"25","author":"NJ Duru","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duru NJ. The Central Park five, the Scottsboro boys, and the myth of the bestial black man. Cardozo L Rev. 2003;25:1315.","journal-title":"Cardozo L Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"325_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820400096021","volume":"21","author":"JE Holcomb","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holcomb JE, Williams MR, Demuth S. White female victims and death penalty disparity research. Justice Q. 2004;21(4):877\u2013902.","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"325_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040109","volume":"71","author":"AV Hall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hall AV, Hall EV, Perry JL. Black and blue: exploring racial bias and law enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians. Am Psychol. Apr 2016;71(3):175\u201386.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"325_CR38","unstructured":"Lee MYH. Donald Trump\u2019s false comments connecting Mexican immigrants and crime. Washington, DC: The Washington Post; 2015."},{"key":"325_CR39","unstructured":"Desjardins L. Every moment in Trump's charged relationship with race. PBS Newshour; 2017."},{"key":"325_CR40","unstructured":"Nixon R, Robbins L, Benner K. A Gang's Fearsome Reuptation, Further Inflated by the President. The New York Times. March 2, 2018, 2018;Politics."},{"key":"325_CR41","unstructured":"Mollie Tibbetts Murder: Family Pushes Back on \u201cRacist, false narrative\u201d. New York, NY: Rolling Stone; 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"325_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0156","volume":"25","author":"AE Tanner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tanner AE, Reboussin BA, Mann L, Ma A, Song E, Alonzo J, et al. Factors influencing health care access perceptions and care-seeking behaviors of immigrant Latino sexual minority men and transgender individuals: baseline findings from the HOLA intervention study. J Health Care Poor Underserved. Nov 2014;25(4):1679\u201397.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2014.921221","volume":"25","author":"J Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson J. The consequences of gentrification for racial change in Washington, DC. Housing Policy Debate. 2015;25(2):353\u201373.","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"issue":"6","key":"325_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.03.015","volume":"24","author":"SL Linton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Linton SL, Kennedy CE, Latkin CA, Celentano DD, Kirk GD, Mehta SH. \u201cEverything that looks good ain't good!\u201d: perspectives on urban redevelopment among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, Maryland. Int J Drug Policy. 2013;24(6):605\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"325_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510510628677","volume":"28","author":"YG Hurst","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hurst YG, McDermott MJ, Thomas DL. The attitudes of girls toward the police: differences by race. Policing Int J Police Strateg Manag. 2005;28(4):578\u201393.","journal-title":"Policing Int J Police Strateg Manag"},{"key":"325_CR46","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"DE Roberts","year":"1993","unstructured":"Roberts DE. Racism and patriarchy in the meaning of motherhood. Am UJ Gender L. 1993;1:1.","journal-title":"Am UJ Gender L"},{"key":"325_CR47","first-page":"171","volume":"2","author":"MH Ruttenberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ruttenberg MH. A feminist critique of mandatory arrest: an analysis of race and gender in domestic violence policy. Am UJ Gender L. 1994;2:171.","journal-title":"Am UJ Gender L"},{"issue":"1","key":"325_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820802119950","volume":"26","author":"YN Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu YN, Sun IY, Triplett RA. Race, class or neighborhood context: which matters more in measuring satisfaction with police? Justice Q. 2009;26(1):125\u201356.","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"325_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00524.x","volume":"42","author":"R Weitzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weitzer R, Tuch SA. Reforming the police: racial differences in public support for change. Criminology. 2004;42(2):391\u2013416.","journal-title":"Criminology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-018-00325-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-018-00325-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-018-00325-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T05:26:55Z","timestamp":1662614815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-018-00325-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-018-00325-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}