{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:48:43Z","timestamp":1792820923676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T13:03:33Z","timestamp":1595250213000},"page":"461-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["COVID-19 and Inequity: a Comparative Spatial Analysis of New York City and Chicago Hot Spots"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Andrew R","family":"Maroko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T","family":"Pavilonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S517","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302200","volume":"104","author":"M Marmot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marmot M, Allen JJ. Social determinants of health equity. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(Suppl 4):S517\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"468_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0823-6","volume":"26","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Tang K. Combating COVID-19: health equity matters. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):458.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10231","key":"468_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30792-3","volume":"395","author":"D Devakumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devakumar D, Shannon G, Bhopal SS, Abubakar I. Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses. Lancet. 2020;395(10231):1194.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"468_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shikha G, Lindsay Kim MD, Michael Whitaker MPH, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 \u2014 COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1\u201330, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(early release).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3"},{"key":"468_CR5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Social Distancing. 2020; https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/social-distancing.html. Accessed 5\/2020."},{"key":"468_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. 2020; https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for-public. Accessed 5\/2020."},{"key":"468_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence. Tob. 2020;18:20\u20130.","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/119324"},{"key":"468_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath BM, Braun D, Dominici F. Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States. medRxiv. 2020:2020.2004.2005.20054502.","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2020.virtual.O-OS-638"},{"key":"468_CR9","unstructured":"UN News. US must improve COVID-19 strategy to keep tens of millions from falling into poverty, urges rights expert. 2020, 04\/17; https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2020\/04\/1061982. Accessed 4\/2020"},{"key":"468_CR10","unstructured":"Krieger N, Gonsalves G, Bassett MT, Hanage W, Krumholz HM. The fierce urgency of now: closing glaring gaps in US surveillance data on COVID-19, . In. Health Affairs Blog2020, April 14."},{"issue":"2","key":"468_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2583-1","volume":"29","author":"Y Paradies","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paradies Y, Truong M, Priest N. A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(2):364\u201387.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"468_CR12","first-page":"386","volume":"98","author":"VL Shavers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shavers VL, Shavers BS. Racism and health inequity among Americans. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98(3):386\u201396.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"468_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CDC Covid-Response Team. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 \u2014 United States, February 12\u2013March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(early release).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e2"},{"key":"468_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The science underlying COVID-19: implications for the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2020.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549"},{"key":"468_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.03.023","volume":"27","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu Y, Deng H, Huang L, Xia L, Zhou X. Analysis of characteristics in death patients with COVID-19 pneumonia without underlying diseases. Acad Radiol. 2020;27:752.","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"468_CR16","first-page":"e35","volume":"8","author":"A Emami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, Akbari A. Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. 2020;8(1):e35.","journal-title":"Arch."},{"key":"468_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin T, Kahn R, Li R, et al. U.S. county-level characteristics to inform equitable COVID-19 response. medRxiv. 2020:2020.2004.2008.20058248.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.08.20058248"},{"key":"468_CR18","unstructured":"Labonte M COVID-19: potential economic effects [march 11, 2020]. 2020."},{"key":"468_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabir M, Afzal MS, Khan A, Ahmed H. COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020:101661.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101661"},{"key":"468_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain MA. Is the spread of COVID-19 across countries influenced by environmental, economic and social factors? medRxiv. 2020:2020.2004.2008.20058164.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.08.20058164"},{"issue":"1","key":"468_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-10-58","volume":"10","author":"M-P Parenteau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parenteau M-P, Sawada MC. The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) in the relationship between exposure to NO2 and respiratory health. Int J Health Geogr. 2011;10(1):58.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"468_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maroko AR, Maantay JA, Grady K. Using geovisualization and geospatial analysis to explore respiratory disease and environmental health justice in New York City. In: Maantay JA, McClafferty S, eds. Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health. Vol 4. Springer; 2011:39\u201366.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0329-2_2"},{"key":"468_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maroko A, Maantay J, P\u00e9rez Machado RP, Vizeu BL. Improving population mapping and exposure assessment: three-dimensional sasymetric disaggregation in New York City and S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil Papers in Appl Geogr 2019:1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/23754931.2019.1619092"},{"issue":"1","key":"468_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15365\/cate.3182010","volume":"3","author":"KK Miyake","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miyake KK, Maroko AR, Grady KL, Maantay JA, Arno PS. Not just a walk in the park: methodological improvements for determining environmental justice implications of park access in New York City for the promotion of physical activity. Cities Environ. 2010;3(1):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Cities Environ"},{"key":"468_CR25","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Geographic information research: transatlantic perspective","author":"D Sui","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sui D. GIS, environmental equity analysis, and the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). In: Craglia M, Onsrud H, editors. Geographic information research: transatlantic perspective. London: Taylor and Francis; 1999. p. 41\u201354."},{"issue":"2","key":"468_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s2161","volume":"110","author":"JA Maantay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maantay JA. Mapping environmental injustices: pitfalls and potential of geographic information systems in assessing environmental health and equity. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(2):161\u201371.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"468_CR27","unstructured":"Manson S, Schroeder J, Van Riper D, Ruggles S. IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 14.0 [Database]. In. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS2019."},{"key":"468_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rockl\u00f6v J, Sj\u00f6din H. High population densities catalyze the spread of COVID-19. J Travel Med 2020, 27.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa038"},{"key":"468_CR29","unstructured":"New York Times. Coronavirus (Covid-19) Data in the United States. 2020; https:\/\/github.com\/nytimes\/covid-19-data. Accessed 4\/2020"},{"key":"468_CR30","unstructured":"US Bureau of the Census. City and town population totals: 2010\u20132019. 2019; https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/time-series\/demo\/popest\/2010s-total-cities-and-towns.html. Accessed 5\/2020."},{"key":"468_CR31","unstructured":"US Bureau of the Census. Population trends in incorporated places. 2015; https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/publications\/2015\/demo\/p25-1142.html. Accessed 5\/2020."},{"key":"468_CR32","unstructured":"American Public Transportation Association. Public transportation fact book. 2020; https:\/\/www.apta.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/APTA-2020-Fact-Book.pdf. Accessed 5\/2020."},{"key":"468_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen S, Prettner K, Kuhn M, et al. COVID-19 and climate: global evidence from 117 countries. medRxiv. 2020:2020.2006.2004.20121863.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.04.20121863"},{"key":"468_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagripanti J-L, Lytle CD. Estimated inactivation of coronaviruses by solar radiation with special reference to COVID-19. Photochem Photobiol. 2020;n\/a(n\/a).","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13293"},{"key":"468_CR35","unstructured":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. NYC coronavirus (COVID-19) data. 2020; https:\/\/github.com\/nychealth\/coronavirus-data. Accessed 4\/2020"},{"key":"468_CR36","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Public Health. COVID-19 statistics. 2020; http:\/\/dph.illinois.gov\/covid19\/covid19-statistics. Accessed 4\/2020"},{"key":"468_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nash D, Geng G. Goal-aligned, epidemic intelligence for the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Public Health 2020 (in press).","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305794"},{"key":"468_CR38","unstructured":"Carbone M, Green JB, Bucci EM, Lednicky JA. Coronaviruses: facts, myths, and hypotheses. J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"468_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001463","volume":"76","author":"Y Ransome","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ransome Y, Dean LT, Crawford ND, Metzger DS, Blank MB, Nunn AS. How do social capital and HIV\/AIDS outcomes geographically cluster and which sociocontextual mechanisms predict differences across clusters? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76(1):13\u201322.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"468_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azar KMJ, Shen Z, Romanelli RJ, et al. Disparities in outcomes among COVID-19 patients in a large health care system in California. Health Aff. 2020; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00598.","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00598"},{"key":"468_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt-Groh\u00e9 S, Teoh K, Uribe M. Covid-19: Testing inequality in New York City. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series. 2020;No. 27019.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27019"},{"issue":"3","key":"468_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy004","volume":"47","author":"N Krieger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krieger N, Kim R, Feldman J, Waterman PD. Using the index of concentration at the extremes at multiple geographical levels to monitor health inequities in an era of growing spatial social polarization: Massachusetts, USA (2010\u201314). Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(3):788\u2013819.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T09:36:41Z","timestamp":1667468201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-020-00468-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.21.20074468","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}