{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:33:15Z","timestamp":1791387195195,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"national institute on drug abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5k23da033312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5k23da033312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-021-00599-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T19:04:35Z","timestamp":1642187075000},"page":"92-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The Stigma of Criminal Legal Involvement and Health: a Conceptual Framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Howell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie A.","family":"Earnshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisol","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10077","key":"599_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","volume":"389","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wildeman C, Wang EA. Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1464\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"599_CR2","volume-title":"Imprisoning communities: how mass incarceration makes disadvantaged neighborhoods worse","author":"TR Clear","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clear TR. Imprisoning communities: how mass incarceration makes disadvantaged neighborhoods worse: Oxford University Press; 2009."},{"key":"599_CR3","volume-title":"Locked in: the true causes of mass incarceration-and how to achieve real reform","author":"J Pfaff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pfaff J. Locked in: the true causes of mass incarceration-and how to achieve real reform: Basic Books; 2017."},{"key":"599_CR4","unstructured":"Maruschak LM, Minton TD, Statistics BoJ, Justice UDo, Programs OoJ. Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018. NCJ. 2020;252157."},{"key":"599_CR5","volume-title":"Prevalence of Imprisonment in the US Population, 1974-2001","author":"TP Bonczar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonczar TP. Prevalence of Imprisonment in the US Population, 1974-2001: Good Press; 2019."},{"key":"599_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112326","volume":"41","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Massoglia M, Pridemore WA. Incarceration and health. Annu Rev Sociol. 2015;41:291\u2013310.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"599_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luigi M, Dellazizzo L, Gigu\u00e8re C-\u00c9, Goulet M-H, Dumais A. Shedding light on \u201cthe hole\u201d: a systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse psychological effects and mortality following solitary confinement in correctional settings. Systematic review . Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(840) . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840"},{"issue":"3","key":"599_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2008.00516.x","volume":"7","author":"MA Stoll","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stoll MA, Bushway SD. The effect of criminal background checks on hiring ex-offenders. Criminol Public Policy. 2008;7(3):371\u2013404.","journal-title":"Criminol Public Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"599_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-017-9289-z","volume":"13","author":"P Leasure","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leasure P, Martin T. Criminal records and housing: an experimental study. J Exp Criminol. 2017;13(4):527\u201335.","journal-title":"J Exp Criminol"},{"key":"599_CR10","volume-title":"Internal exile: collateral consequences of conviction in federal laws and regulations","author":"AB Association","year":"2009","unstructured":"Association AB. Internal exile: collateral consequences of conviction in federal laws and regulations. Chicago: Author; 2009."},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115","volume":"356","author":"IA Binswanger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Binswanger IA, Stern MF, Deyo RA, et al. Release from prison\u2014a high risk of death for former inmates. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):157\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa064115.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"599_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121855","volume":"98","author":"DL Rosen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosen DL, Schoenbach VJ, Wohl DA. All-cause and cause-specific mortality among men released from state prison, 1980-2005. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(12):2278\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121855.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"17","key":"599_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9008","volume":"173","author":"EA Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang EA, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. A high risk of hospitalization following release from correctional facilities in Medicare beneficiaries: a retrospective matched cohort study, 2002 to 2010. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(17):1621\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650704800202","volume":"48","author":"J Schnittker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schnittker J, John A. Enduring stigma: the long-term effects of incarceration on health. J Health Soc Behav. 2007;48(2):115\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002214650704800202.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-7899-1-3","volume":"1","author":"L Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brinkley-Rubinstein L. Incarceration as a catalyst for worsening health. Health Justice. 2013;1(1):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"599_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin K, Taylor A, Howell B, Fox A. Does criminal justice stigma affect health and health care utilization? A systematic review of public health and medical literature. Int J Prison Health 2020.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-01-2020-0005"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","volume":"27","author":"BG Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link BG, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol. 2001;27(1):363\u201385.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"599_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Major B, Dovidio JF, Link BG, Calabrese SK. Stigma and its implications for health: introduction and overview. The Oxford handbook of stigma, discrimination, and health 2018:3-28.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190243470.013.1"},{"key":"599_CR19","volume-title":"Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity","author":"E Goffman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity: Simon and Schuster; 2009."},{"issue":"3","key":"599_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.022","volume":"67","author":"JC Phelan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phelan JC, Link BG, Dovidio JF. Stigma and prejudice: one animal or two? Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(3):358\u201367.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"599_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1086\/374403","volume":"108","author":"D Pager","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pager D. The mark of a criminal record. Am J Sociol. 2003;108(5):937\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20141147","volume":"55","author":"A Chalfin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chalfin A, McCrary J. Criminal deterrence: a review of the literature. J Econ Lit. 2017;55(1):5\u201348.","journal-title":"J Econ Lit"},{"key":"599_CR23","unstructured":"Foucoult M. Discipline and punish. A Sheridan, Tr, Paris, FR, Gallimard. 1975;."},{"issue":"5","key":"599_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069","volume":"103","author":"ML Hatzenbuehler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):813\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"599_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427890027004004","volume":"27","author":"NH Rafter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rafter NH. The social construction of crime and crime control. J Res Crime Delinq. 1990;27(4):376\u201389.","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinq"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.30.012703.110515","volume":"30","author":"V Jenness","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jenness V. Explaining criminalization: from demography and status politics to globalization and modernization. Annu Rev Sociol. 2004;30(1):147\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.30.012703.110515.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"599_CR27","unstructured":"Schur EM. Labeling deviant behavior: its sociological implications."},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-081309-150012","volume":"37","author":"R Grattet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grattet R. Societal reactions to deviance. Annu Rev Sociol. 2011;37(1):185\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-081309-150012.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"599_CR29","volume-title":"Intersectionality","author":"PH Collins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collins PH, Bilge S. Intersectionality: John Wiley & Sons; 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128785031001002","volume":"31","author":"J Petersilia","year":"1985","unstructured":"Petersilia J. Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: a summary. Crime Delinq. 1985;31(1):15\u201334.","journal-title":"Crime Delinq"},{"key":"599_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1086\/653045","volume":"39","author":"M Tonry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tonry M. The social, psychological, and political causes of racial disparities in the American criminal justice system. Crime Justice. 2010;39:273\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/653045.","journal-title":"Crime Justice"},{"key":"599_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spohn C. Racial disparities in prosecution, sentencing, and punishment. The Oxford handbook of ethnicity, crime, and immigration 2013:166-193.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199859016.013.006"},{"key":"599_CR33","volume-title":"Caste (Oprah's Book Club): the origins of our discontents","author":"I Wilkerson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilkerson I. Caste (Oprah's Book Club): the origins of our discontents: Random House; 2020."},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"599_CR34","first-page":"115","volume":"47","author":"B Brucato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brucato B. Policing race and racing police: the origin of US police in slave patrols. Social Justice. 2020;47(3\/4):115\u201336.","journal-title":"Social Justice"},{"key":"599_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237802312097150","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023120971507","volume":"6","author":"C Barrie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barrie C. Searching racism after George Floyd. Socius. 2020;6:2378023120971507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2378023120971507.","journal-title":"Socius."},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-060520-033306","volume":"4","author":"E Hinton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hinton E, Cook D. The mass criminalization of Black Americans: a historical overview. Annu Rev Criminol. 2021;4(1):261\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-criminol-060520-033306.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Criminol"},{"issue":"10","key":"599_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.065805","volume":"95","author":"W Pogorzelski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pogorzelski W, Wolff N, Pan K-Y, Blitz CL. Behavioral health problems, ex-offender reentry policies, and the \u201cSecond Chance Act\u201d. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(10):1718\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"599_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12231","volume":"22","author":"A Goomany","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goomany A, Dickinson T. The influence of prison climate on the mental health of adult prisoners: a literature review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2015;22(6):413\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpm.12231.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"599_CR39","unstructured":"Travis J, Waul M. Prisoners once removed: the impact of incarceration and reentry on children, families, and communities. The Urban Insitute; 2003."},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1043986204263778","volume":"20","author":"S Maruna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maruna S. Desistance from crime and explanatory style: a new direction in the psychology of reform. J Contemp Crim Justice. 2004;20(2):184\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Contemp Crim Justice"},{"key":"599_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler ML, Link BG. Introduction to the special issue on structural stigma and health. Soc Sci Med. 2014;","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.12.017"},{"key":"599_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose D, Clear T. Incarceration, Reentry and Social Capital 2002 2002:19.","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407502192008"},{"key":"599_CR43","unstructured":"Kanahara S. A review of the definitions of stereotype and a proposal for a progressional model. Individ Differ Res. 2006;4(5)"},{"key":"599_CR44","unstructured":"Allport GW, Clark K, Pettigrew T. The nature of prejudice 1954."},{"key":"599_CR45","unstructured":"Brewer MB. The social psychology of intergroup relations: social categorization, ingroup bias, and outgroup prejudice. 2007."},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2010.00179.x","volume":"48","author":"PJ Hirschfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hirschfield PJ, Piquero AR. Normalization and legitimation: modeling stigmatizing attitudes toward ex-offenders. Criminology. 2010;48(1):27\u201355.","journal-title":"Criminology."},{"key":"599_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.14851","volume-title":"Crime in the public mind","author":"KT Gaubatz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gaubatz KT. Crime in the public mind. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1995."},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2015.02.002","volume":"43","author":"SH Decker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Decker SH, Ortiz N, Spohn C, Hedberg E. Criminal stigma, race, and ethnicity: the consequences of imprisonment for employment. J Crim Just. 2015;43(2):108\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2015.02.002.","journal-title":"J Crim Just"},{"key":"599_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Evans DN, Blount-Hill K-L, Hoyos-Torres S. The frontline of housing access: comparing criminal stigma among landlords and real estate agents in New York. Crit Criminol. 2020; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10612-020-09534-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10612-020-09534-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-019-09357-2","volume":"15","author":"DN Evans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans DN. Full disclosure: experimental analysis of female online dating on parole. J Exp Criminol. 2019;15(2):179\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11292-019-09357-2.","journal-title":"J Exp Criminol"},{"issue":"5","key":"599_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0437-9","volume":"17","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Earnshaw VA, Smith LR, Chaudoir SR, Amico KR, Copenhaver MM. HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(5):1785\u201395.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"599_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015815","volume":"97","author":"DM Quinn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quinn DM, Chaudoir SR. Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: the impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(4):634.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"599_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/01639620701588081","volume":"29","author":"TA Winnick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Winnick TA, Bodkin M. Anticipated stigma and stigma management among those to be labeled \u201cex-con\u201d. Deviant Behav. 2008;29(4):295\u2013333.","journal-title":"Deviant Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"599_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2012.702425","volume":"12","author":"K Moore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moore K, Stuewig J, Tangney J. Jail inmates\u2019 perceived and anticipated stigma: implications for post-release functioning. Self Identity. 2013;12(5):527\u201347.","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2010.538365","volume":"33","author":"TP LeBel","year":"2012","unstructured":"LeBel TP. Invisible stripes? Formerly incarcerated persons' perceptions of stigma. Deviant Behav. 2012;33(2):89\u2013107.","journal-title":"Deviant Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"599_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000744","volume":"75","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Earnshaw VA. Stigma and substance use disorders: a clinical, research, and advocacy agenda. Am Psychol. 2020;75(9):1300\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000744.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12005","volume":"7","author":"DM Quinn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quinn DM, Earnshaw VA. Concealable stigmatized identities and psychological well-being. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2013;7(1):40\u201351.","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol Compass"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018193","volume":"136","author":"SR Chaudoir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaudoir SR, Fisher JD. The disclosure processes model: understanding disclosure decision making and postdisclosure outcomes among people living with a concealable stigmatized identity. Psychol Bull. 2010;136(2):236.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"9509","key":"599_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68184-1","volume":"367","author":"BG Link","year":"2006","unstructured":"Link BG, Phelan JC. Stigma and its public health implications. Lancet. 2006;367(9509):528\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"599_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510","volume":"3","author":"GM Herek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herek GM, Garnets LD. Sexual orientation and mental health. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2007;3:353\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286","volume":"36","author":"IH Meyer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36(1):38\u201356.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-011-9275-z","volume":"42","author":"ML Hatzenbuehler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler ML, O'Cleirigh C, Mayer KH, Mimiaga MJ, Safren SA. Prospective associations between HIV-related stigma, transmission risk behaviors, and adverse mental health outcomes in men who have sex with men. Ann Behav Med. 2011;42(2):227\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-011-9275-z.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"599_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.92.3.371","volume":"92","author":"GM Herek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF. HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(3):371\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.92.3.371.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"599_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.004","volume":"30","author":"PW Corrigan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corrigan PW, Shapiro JR. Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(8):907\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.004.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"599_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1621","volume":"52","author":"BG Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link BG, Struening EL, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. Stigma as a barrier to recovery: the consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(12):1621\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1621.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"6","key":"599_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3","volume":"13","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2009","unstructured":"Earnshaw VA, Chaudoir SR. From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(6):1160.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"599_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/0038026118777447","volume":"66","author":"DE Keene","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keene DE, Smoyer AB, Blankenship KM. Stigma, housing and identity after prison. Sociol Rev. 2018;66(4):799\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0038026118777447.","journal-title":"Sociol Rev"},{"key":"599_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113734","volume":"272","author":"A Rosenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosenberg A, Keene DE, Schlesinger P, Groves AK, Blankenship KM. \u201cI don't know what home feels like anymore\u201d: residential spaces and the absence of ontological security for people returning from incarceration. Soc Sci Med. 2021;272:113734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113734.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"599_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414549552","volume":"79","author":"A Lara-Mill\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lara-Mill\u00e1n A. Public Emergency room overcrowding in the era of mass imprisonment. Am Sociol Rev. 2014;79(5):866\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003122414549552.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR70","first-page":"347","volume":"1","author":"N Abad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abad N, Carry M, Herbst JH, Fogel CI. Motivation to reduce risk behaviors while in prison: qualitative analysis of interviews with current and formerly incarcerated women. J Qual Crim Justice Criminol. 2013;1(2):347\u201363.","journal-title":"J Qual Crim Justice Criminol"},{"key":"599_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-4-10","volume":"4","author":"J van Olphen","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Olphen J, Eliason MJ, Freudenberg N, Barnes M. Nowhere to go: how stigma limits the options of female drug users after release from jail. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2009;4:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1747-597X-4-10.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"599_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crawford ND, Ford C, Galea S, Latkin C, Jones KC, Fuller CM. The relationship between perceived discrimination and high-risk social ties among illicit drug users in New York City, 2006-2009. AIDS Behav Jan 2013;17(1):419-426. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-012-0201-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0201-6"},{"key":"599_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-7899-2-6","volume":"2","author":"JW Frank","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frank JW, Wang EA, Nunez-Smith M, Lee H, Comfort M. Discrimination based on criminal record and healthcare utilization among men recently released from prison: a descriptive study. Health Justice. 2014;2:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2194-7899-2-6.","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"599_CR74","unstructured":"Abbott P, Davison J, Magin P, Hu W. \u201cIf they\u201dre your doctor, they should care about you\u2019: women on release from prison and general practitioners. R Aust Coll Gen Pract. 2016;45:728\u201332."},{"issue":"5","key":"599_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2015.06.001","volume":"26","author":"AC Dennis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dennis AC, Barrington C, Hino S, Gould M, Wohl D, Golin CE. \u201cYou're in a world of chaos\u201d: experiences accessing HIV care and adhering to medications after incarceration. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2015;26(5):542\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jana.2015.06.001.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824401662952","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244016629524","volume":"6","author":"H Swan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Swan H. A Qualitative examination of stigma among formerly incarcerated adults living with HIV. SAGE Open. 2016;6(1):2158244016629524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244016629524.","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"599_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-11-2014-0047","volume":"11","author":"A Bhushan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhushan A, Brown S-E, Marcus R, Altice FL. Explaining poor health-seeking among HIV-infected released prisoners. Int J Prison Health. 2015;11(4):209\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJPH-11-2014-0047.","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"599_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988313484056","volume":"7","author":"K Turney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Turney K, Lee H, Comfort M. Discrimination and psychological distress among recently released male prisoners. Am J Mens Health. 2013;7(6):482\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988313484056.","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2014.885471","volume":"13","author":"ML West","year":"2014","unstructured":"West ML, Yanos PT, Mulay AL. Triple stigma of forensic psychiatric patients: mental illness, race, and criminal history. Int J Forensic Ment Health. 2014;13(1):75\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2014.885471.","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12219","volume":"73","author":"KE Moore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moore KE, Tangney JP. Managing the concealable stigma of criminal justice system involvement: a longitudinal examination of anticipated stigma, social withdrawal, and post\u2013release adjustment. J Soc Issues. 2017;73(2):322\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josi.12219.","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"599_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Health impact of incarceration on HIV-positive African American males: a qualitative exploration. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2013;27(8):450\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2012.0457.","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0457"},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-017-0364-y","volume":"5","author":"S Assari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assari S, Miller RJ, Taylor RJ, Mouzon D, Keith V, Chatters LM. Discrimination fully mediates the effects of incarceration history on depressive symptoms and psychological distress among African American men. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5(2):243\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-017-0364-y.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"599_CR83","unstructured":"Moore K. A longitudinal model of internalized stigma, coping, and post-release adjustment in criminal offenders. 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"599_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2015.27.2.167","volume":"27","author":"L Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brinkley-Rubinstein L. Understanding the effects of multiple stigmas among formerly incarcerated HIV-positive African American men. AIDS Educ Prev. 2015;27(2):167\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2015.27.2.167.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"7","key":"599_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.11.013","volume":"64","author":"LH Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang LH, Kleinman A, Link BG, Phelan JC, Lee S, Good B. Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(7):1524\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.11.013.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"599_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790","volume":"102","author":"NK Valtorta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Ronzi S, Hanratty B. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. 2016;102(13):1009\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790.","journal-title":"Heart."},{"issue":"5","key":"599_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13064","volume":"39","author":"I Ingram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ingram I, Kelly PJ, Deane FP, et al. Loneliness among people with substance use problems: a narrative systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39(5):447\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.13064.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"599_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190033","volume":"13","author":"LA Rico-Uribe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rico-Uribe LA, Caballero FF, Mart\u00edn-Mar\u00eda N, Cabello M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Miret M. Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190033.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"599_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.9.ecas2-1709","volume":"19","author":"K Sue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sue K. How to Talk with patients about incarceration and health. AMA J Ethics. 2017;19(9):885\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.9.ecas2-1709.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-021-00599-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-021-00599-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-021-00599-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T12:53:15Z","timestamp":1645620795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-021-00599-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-021-00599-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}