{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:24:46Z","timestamp":1790216686532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21 DA046739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DA046739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013434","name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DA011041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DA011041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00645-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T18:02:56Z","timestamp":1654624976000},"page":"701-716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Conceptualizing the Socio-Built Environment: An Expanded Theoretical Framework to Promote a Better Understanding of Risk for Nonmedical Opioid Overdose Outcomes in Urban and Non-Urban Settings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6128-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Tempalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marynia","family":"Kolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle C.","family":"Ompad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Koschinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara L.","family":"McLafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"645_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0448","volume":"35","author":"D Dowell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowell D, Zhang K, Noonan RK, Hockenberry JM. Mandatory provider review and pain clinic laws reduce the amounts of opioids prescribed and overdose death rates. Health Aff. 2016;35(10):1876\u201383.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"10","key":"645_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13741","volume":"112","author":"B Pardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pardo B. Do more robust prescription drug monitoring programs reduce prescription opioid overdose? Addict. 2017;112(10):1773\u201383.","journal-title":"Addict"},{"key":"645_CR3","unstructured":"Rossen LM Bastian B Warner M Khan D Chong Y. Drug poisoning mortality in the United States, 1999\u20132017. Hyattsville, MD: CDC National Center for Health Statistics; 2019 Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data-visualization\/drug-poisoning-mortality\/."},{"issue":"15","key":"645_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1910","volume":"315","author":"Y Olsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olsen Y, The CDC. Guideline on opioid prescribing rising to the challenge. J Am Med Assoc. 2016;315(15):1577\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.1910.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"645_CR5","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm.\u00a0Accessed July 2021."},{"key":"645_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7006a4","volume":"70","author":"CL Mattson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mattson CL, Tanz LJ, Quinn K, Kariisa M, Patel P, Davis NL. Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths \u2014 United States, 2013\u20132019. Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:202\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7006a4.","journal-title":"Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"645_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6409a1","volume":"64","author":"LJ Paulozzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paulozzi LJ, Strickler GK, Kreiner PW, Koris CM. 2015 controlled substance prescribing patterns\u2013prescription behavior surveillance system, Eight States. Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;64(9):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6409a1.","journal-title":"Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"645_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1505541","volume":"373","author":"TJ Cicero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Harney J. Shifting patterns of prescription opioid and heroin abuse in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1789\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1505541.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"645_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6843a3","volume":"68","author":"KM Lippold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lippold KM, Jones CM, Olsen EO, Giroir BP. Racial\/ethnic and age group differences in opioid and synthetic opioid\u2013involved overdose deaths among adults aged \u226518 years in metropolitan areas \u2014 United States, 2015\u20132017. Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:967\u201373.","journal-title":"Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12711","volume":"174","author":"JA Gwira Baumblatt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gwira Baumblatt JA, Wiedeman C, Dunn JR, Schaffner W, Paulozzi LJ, Jones TF. High-risk use by patients prescribed opioids for pain and its role in overdose deaths. Jama Inter Med. 2014;174(5):796\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12711.","journal-title":"Jama Inter Med"},{"key":"645_CR11","unstructured":"Hedegaard H Warner M Mini\u00f1o AM. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132015. NCHS Data Brief No 273. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2017."},{"key":"645_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-0023-8","volume":"93","author":"C Rowe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowe C, Santos GM, Vittinghoff E, et al. Neighborhood-level and spatial characteristics associated with lay naloxone reversal events and opioid overdose deaths. J Urban Hlth. 2016;93:117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-015-0023-8.","journal-title":"J Urban Hlth"},{"key":"645_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","volume":"374","author":"WM Compton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:154\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1508490.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"645_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.026","volume":"160","author":"RG Carlson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carlson RG, Nahhas RW, Martins SS, Daniulaityte R. Predictors of transition to heroin use among initially non-opioid dependent illicit pharmaceutical opioid users: a natural history study. J Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:127\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.026.","journal-title":"J Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"645_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peavy KM Banta-Green CJ Kingston S Hanrahan M Merrill JO et al. \u2018\u2018Hooked on\u2019\u2019 Prescription-type opiates prior to using heroin: results from a survey of syringe exchange clients. J Psycho Drugs. 2012; 44: 259\u2013265. PMID: 23061326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2012.704591","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.704591"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.10.004","volume":"25","author":"SG Mars","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mars SG, Bourgois P, Karandinos G, Montero F, Ciccarone D. \u201cEvery \u2018Never\u2019 I Ever Said Came True\u201d Transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(2):257\u201366 (PMCID PMC3961517).","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudd RA Seth P David F Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2010\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016; 65:1445\u201352. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/65\/wr\/mm655051e1.htm.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1"},{"key":"645_CR18","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP21\u201307\u201301\u2013003, NSDUH Series H-56). 2021. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/.\u00a0Accessed 5 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR19","first-page":"235","volume":"88","author":"KF Hawk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hawk KF, Vaca FE, D\u2019Onofrio G. Reducing fatal opioid overdose: prevention, treatment and harm reduction strategies. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88(3):235\u201345 (PMCID: PMC4553643).","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"645_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1 M Gaidus A Keyes KM Ponicki W Martins S Galea S Gruenewald P. Prescription opioid poisoning across urban and rural areas: identifying vulnerable groups and geographic areas. Addict. 2017;112(1):103\u2013112. PMCID: PMC5148642 [Available on 2018\u201301\u201301] DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13543.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13543"},{"key":"645_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.08.002","volume":"73","author":"AB Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins AB, Boyd J, Mayer S, et al. Policing space in the overdose crisis: a rapid ethnographic study of the impact of law enforcement practices on the effectiveness of overdose prevention sites. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;73:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.08.002.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.008","volume":"113","author":"ASB Bohnert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bohnert ASB, Nandi A, Tracy M, et al. Policing and risk of overdose mortality in urban neighborhoods. J Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;113(1):62\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.008.","journal-title":"J Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.02.00121","volume":"63","author":"A Nandi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nandi A, Galea S, Ahern J, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D, Tardiff K. What explains the association between neighborhood-level income inequality and the risk of fatal overdose in New York City? Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(3):662\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.02.00121.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"645_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.01.00923","volume":"29","author":"K McLean","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLean K. \u201cThere\u2019s nothing here\u201d: deindustrialization as risk environment for overdose. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;29:19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.01.00923.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3368\/lj.26.1.1049","volume":"26","author":"G Lipsitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lipsitz G. The racialization of space and the spatialization of race theorizing the hidden architecture of landscape. Landsc J. 2007;26(1):10\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3368\/lj.26.1.1049.","journal-title":"Landsc J"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.03.004","volume":"25","author":"HLF Cooper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cooper HLF, Tempalski B. Integrating place into research on drug use, drug users\u2019 health, and drug policy. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(3):503\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.03.004.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.02.002155","volume":"20","author":"B Tempalski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tempalski B, McQuie H. Drugscapes and the role of place and space in injection drug use-related HIV risk environments. Int J Drug Policy. 2009;20(1):4\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.02.002155.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102578","volume":"69","author":"JM Ezell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ezell JM, Ompad DC, Walters S. How urban and rural built environments influence the health attitudes and behaviors of people who use drugs. Hlth Place. 2021;69:102578.","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"key":"645_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kolak M Chen YT Joyce S et al. Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: A multidimensional, spatial perspective. Int J Drug Policy. 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102727"},{"key":"645_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.012","volume":"68","author":"CA Latkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Latkin CA, Gicquelais RE, Clyde C, Dayton L, Davey-Rothwell M, German D, et al. Stigma and drug use settings as correlates of self-reported, non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs in Baltimore. Maryland Int J Drug Policy. 2019;68:86\u201392.","journal-title":"Maryland Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102629","volume":"85","author":"D Showalter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Showalter D. Steps toward a theory of place effects on drug use: Risk, marginality, and opportunity in small and remote California towns. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;85:102629.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"645_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2007.00119.x","volume":"23","author":"B Dew","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dew B, Elifson K, Dozier M. Social and environmental factors and their influence on drug use vulnerability and resiliency in rural populations. J Rural Hlth. 2007;23(Suppl):16\u201321.","journal-title":"J Rural Hlth"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301709","volume":"104","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keyes KM, Cerda M, Brady J, et al. Understanding the rural-urban differences in nonmedical prescription opioid use and abuse in the United States. Am J Publ Health. 2014;104(2):e52-59 (PMCID: PMC3935688).","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.10.001","volume":"26","author":"KK Rigg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rigg KK, Monnat SM. Urban vs. rural differences in prescription opioid misuse among adults in the United States: informing region-specific drug policies and interventions. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(5):484\u201391 (PMCID: PMC4397122).","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304132","volume":"108","author":"JE Zibbell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zibbell JE, Asher AK, Patel RC, Kupronis B, Iqbal K, Ward JW, et al. Increases in acute hepatitis C virus infection related to a growing opioid epidemic and associated injection drug use, United States, 2004 to 2014. Am J Publ Health. 2018;108(2):175\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304132.","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"key":"645_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.11.015","volume":"85","author":"N Thomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomas N, van de Ven K, Mulrooney KJD. The impact of rurality on opioid-related harms: A systematic review of qualitative research. SI Int J Drug Policy. 2020;85:102607.","journal-title":"SI Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.11.014","volume":"85","author":"RA Jenkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jenkins RA, Hagan H. What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;85:102606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.11.014.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0572-3","volume":"18","author":"R Heimer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heimer R, Barbour R, Palacios WR, et al. Associations between injection risk and community disadvantage among suburban injection drug users in southwestern Connecticut, USA. Aids Behav. 2014;18(3):452\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0572-3.","journal-title":"Aids Behav"},{"key":"645_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.04.011","volume":"57","author":"KK Rigg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rigg KK, Monnat SM, Chavez MN. Opioid-related mortality in rural America: geographic heterogeneity and intervention strategies. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;57:119\u201329.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"645_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14555","volume":"17","author":"KA Mack","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mack KA, Jones CM, Ballesteros MF. Illicit drug use, illicit drug use disorders, and drug overdose deaths in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas- United States. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(12):3241\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"645_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.006","volume":"91","author":"KT Bernstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bernstein KT, Galea S, Ahern J, Tracey M, Vlahov D. The built environment and alcohol consumption in urban neighbourhoods. J Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;91:244\u201352.","journal-title":"J Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230500102509","volume":"24","author":"S Galea","year":"2005","unstructured":"Galea S, Rudenstine S, Vlahov D. Drug use, misuse, and the urban environment. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2005;24(2):127\u201336.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 3","key":"645_CR43","first-page":"0","volume":"80","author":"S Galea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Galea S, Ahern J, Vlahov D. Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: a theoretic framework. J Urban Hlth. 2003;80(4 Suppl 3):0\u201358.","journal-title":"J Urban Hlth"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.12.002","volume":"25","author":"KN Deering","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deering KN, Rusch M, Amram O, et al. Piloting a \u2018spatial isolation\u2019 index: the built environment and sexual and drug use risks to sex workers. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(3):533\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.12.002.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.02.005","volume":"11","author":"C Hembree","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hembree C, Galea S, Ahern J, et al. The urban built environment and overdose mortality in New York City neighborhoods. Hlth Place. 2005;11:147\u201356.","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"key":"645_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102926","volume":"85","author":"U Ibragimov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibragimov U, Young AM, Cooper HLF. Understanding rural risk environments for drug-related harms: progress, challenges, and steps forward. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;85:102926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102926.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jost JJ Tempalski B Vera T et al. Gaps in HCV Knowledge and risk behaviors among young suburban people who inject drugs. SI: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019. 16 (11). doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16111958. PMCID: PMC6604001.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111958"},{"key":"645_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.08.006","volume":"71","author":"KE Dunn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dunn KE, Barrett FS, Yepez-Laubach C, Meyer AC, Hruska BJ, Petrush K, et al. Opioid overdose experience, risk behaviors, and knowledge in drug users from a rural versus an urban setting. J Subst Abuse Treatment. 2016;71:1\u20137 (PMCID: PMC5034762).","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"645_CR49","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: The Opioid Crisis and the Black\/African American Population: An Urgent Issue. Publication No. PEP20\u201305\u201302\u2013001. Office of Behavioral Health Equity. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2020."},{"key":"645_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hansen HB Siegel CE Case BG Bertollo DN DiRocco D Galanter M. Variation in use of buprenorphine and methadone treatment by racial, ethnic, and income characteristics of residential social areas in New York City. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2013;40(3):367\u201377. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-013-9341-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-013-9341-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110518782949","volume":"46","author":"K James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James K, Jordan A. The opioid crisis in Black communities. J Law Med Ethics. 2018;46(2):404\u201321.","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"issue":"12","key":"645_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301347","volume":"103","author":"M Cerd\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1 M, Ransome Y, Keyes KM, et al. Revisiting the role of the urban environment in substance use: the case of analgesic overdose fatalities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(12):2252\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301347.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"645_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.004","volume":"60","author":"C McKnight","year":"2018","unstructured":"McKnight C, Des Jarlais DC. Being \u201chooked up\u201d during a sharp increase in the availability of illicitly manufactured fentanyl: adaptations of drug using practices among people who use drugs (PWUD) in New York City. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;60:82\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.004.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0240-z","volume":"15","author":"JN Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park JN, Weir BW, Allen ST, Chaulk P, Sherman SG. Fentanyl-contaminated drugs and non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, MD. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-018-0240-z.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132509338642","volume":"34","author":"B King","year":"2010","unstructured":"King B. Political ecologies of health. Prog Hum Geogr. 2010;34(1):38\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309132509338642.","journal-title":"Prog Hum Geogr"},{"key":"645_CR56","volume-title":"Place: a short introduction","author":"T Cresswell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cresswell T. Place: a short introduction. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing; 2004."},{"issue":"4","key":"645_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/030913259602000401","volume":"20","author":"J Mayer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mayer J. The political ecology of disease as one new focus for medical geography. Prog Hum Geogr. 1996;20(4):441\u201356.","journal-title":"Prog Hum Geogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"645_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.066","volume":"61","author":"GJ Armelagos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Armelagos GJ, Brown PJ, Turner B. Evolutionary, historical and political economic perspectives on health and disease. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(4):755\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.066.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"645_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richmond C Elliott SJ Matthews R Elliott B. The political ecology of health: perceptions of environment, economy, health and well-being among \u2018Namgis First Nation. Hlth Place. 2005; 11 (4): 349-365, ISSN 1353-8292, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.04.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.04.003"},{"key":"645_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg063","volume":"80","author":"GW Evans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evans GW. The built environment and mental health. J Urban Health. 2003;80:536\u201355.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"645_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.033084","volume":"59","author":"S Galea","year":"2005","unstructured":"Galea S, Ahern J, Rudenstine S, Wallace Z, Vlahov D. Urban built environment and depression: a multilevel analysis. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 2005;59(10):822\u20137.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Comm Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"645_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301482","volume":"103","author":"RJ Jackson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jackson RJ, Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H. Health and the Built Environment: 10 Years After. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(9):1542\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2013.301482.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"645_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170245","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0245","volume":"373","author":"N Pinter-Wollman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinter-Wollman N, Jelic A, Wells NM. The impact of the built environment on health behaviours and disease transmission in social systems. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2018;373:20170245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0245.","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"645_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.5.428","volume":"180","author":"S Weich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weich S, Blanchard M, Prince M, Burton E, Erens B, Sproston K. Mental health and the built environment: cross-sectional survey of individual and contextual risk factors for depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:428.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.04.005","volume":"16","author":"T-C Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang T-C, Matthews SA. The role of social and built environments in predicting self-rated stress: a multilevel analysis in Philadelphia. Hlth Place. 2010;16(5):803\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.04.005.","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.06.036","volume":"60","author":"S Galea","year":"2005","unstructured":"Galea S, Freudenberg N, Vlahov D. Cities and population health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(5):1017\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.06.036.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"645_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen DA Inagami S Finch B. The built environment and collective efficacy. Hlth Place. 2008;14(2):198-208. PMCID: PMC2684872, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2007.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2007.06.001"},{"issue":"7","key":"645_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13070681","volume":"13","author":"J Roe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roe J, Aspinall PA, Ward Thompson C. Understanding Relationships between Health, Ethnicity, Place and the Role of Urban Green Space in Deprived Urban Communities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(7):681 (PMCID: PMC4962222).","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"645_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweitzer JH Kim JW Mackin JR. The Impact of the Built Environment on Crime and Fear of Crime in Urban Neighborhoods. J Urban Technol. 1999; 6(3).","DOI":"10.1080\/10630739983588"},{"issue":"11","key":"645_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.008","volume":"71","author":"LA Basta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Basta LA, Richmond TS, Wiebe DJ. Neighborhoods, daily activities, and measuring health risks experienced in urban environments. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(11):1943\u201350 (PMCID: PMC2982925).","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2013.74.50","volume":"74","author":"C Mair","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mair C, Gruenewald PJ, Ponicki WR, Remer L. Varying impacts of alcohol outlet densities on violent assaults: Explaining differences across neighborhoods. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2013;74(1):50\u20138 (PMCID: PMC3517264).","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"645_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cunradi CB Mair C Ponicki W Remer L. Alcohol outlet density and intimate partner violence-related emergency department visits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012; 36(5):847\u2013853. PMCID: PMC3342440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01683.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01683.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"645_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139297","volume":"10","author":"MH Algren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Algren MH, Bak CK, Berg-Beckhoff G, Andersen PT. Health-Risk Behaviour in Deprived Neighbourhoods Compared with Non-Deprived Neighbourhoods: a Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Observational Studies. Plos One. 2015;10(10):e0139297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0139297.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR74","first-page":"207","volume":"18","author":"AF Schwartz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schwartz AF, McClure K, Taghavi LB. Vouchers and Neighborhood Distress: the Unrealized Potential for Families with Housing Choice Vouchers to Reside in Neighborhoods with Low Levels of Distress. Cityscape. 2016;18(3):207\u201327.","journal-title":"Cityscape"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.2.230","volume":"90","author":"D Cohen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cohen D, Spear R, Scribner P, et al. \u2018Broken Windows\u2019 and the Risk of Gonorrhea. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(2):230\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"645_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.05.005","volume":"13","author":"B Maas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maas B, Fairbairn N, Kerr T, Li K, Montaner JSG, Wood E. Neighborhood and HIV infection among IDU: place of residence independently predicts HIV infection among a cohort of injection drug users. Hlth Place. 2007;13:432\u20139.","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"key":"645_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/019027250406700401","volume":"67","author":"RJ Sampson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW. Seeing Disorder: neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of Broken Windows. Soc Psychol Q. 2004;67:319\u201342.","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Q"},{"key":"645_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2018Campo P Salmon C Burke J. Neighbourhoods and mental well-being: what are the pathways? Hlth Place. 2009; 15: 56\u201368. PMID:18420446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.02.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.02.004"},{"key":"645_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.029","volume":"154","author":"BA Reboussin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reboussin BA, Green KM, Milam AJ, Furr-Holden DM, Johnson RM, Ialongo NS. The role of neighborhood in urban black adolescent marijuana use. J Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;154:69\u201375.","journal-title":"J Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"645_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knight KR Lopez AM Comfort M et al. Single room occupancy (SRO) hotels as mental health risk environments among impoverished women: The intersection of policy, drug use, trauma, and urban space. Int J Drug Policy. 2014; 25:556\u2013561. PMCID: PMC4014526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.10.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.10.011"},{"key":"645_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106555","volume":"111","author":"K Chichester","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chichester K, Drawve G, Sisson M, et al. Examining the neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics associated with fatal overdose by type of drug involved and overdose setting. Addict Behav. 2020;111:106555.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"645_CR82","unstructured":"Urban green spaces and health. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016.\u00a0Retrieved\u00a0from WHO\/Europe | Housing and health - Urban green spaces and health - a review of evidence\u00a0(2016). Accessed 15 Aug 2021."},{"key":"645_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00571","volume":"7","author":"L Menatti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Menatti L, Casado da Rocha A. Landscape and Health: Connecting Psychology, Aesthetics, and Philosophy through the Concept of Affordance. Front Psychol. 2016;7:571 (PMCID: PMC4853392).","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"645_CR84","first-page":"1093","volume":"6","author":"M Huo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huo M. How might contact with nature promote human health? Promising mechanisms and a possible central pathway. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1093 (PMCID: PMC4548093).","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916515612253","volume":"48","author":"OT Stewart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stewart OT, Vernez Moudon A, Saelens BE, Lee C, Kang B, Doescher MP. Comparing Associations between the Built Environment and Walking in Rural Small Towns and a Large Metropolitan Area. Environ Behav. 2016;48(1):13\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916515612253.","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"645_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.06.008","volume":"15","author":"BB Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown BB, Yamada I, Smith KR, Zick CD, Kowaleski-Jones L, Fan JX. Mixed land use and walkability: variations in land use measures and relationships with BMI, overweight, and obesity. Hlth Place. 2009;15:1130\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.06.008 (Epub 2009 Jul 4).","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"key":"645_CR87","unstructured":"Woolf SH Aron L. Physical and Social Environmental Factors. In US health in international perspective: Shorter lives, poorer health. Washington, DC. National Academies Press (US). 2013: 192\u2013207"},{"issue":"4","key":"645_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.03.012","volume":"63","author":"LH McNeill","year":"2006","unstructured":"McNeill LH, Kreuter MW, Subramanian SV. Social environment and physical activity: a review of concepts and evidence. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(4):1011\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.03.012 (Epub 2006 May 2 PMID: 16650513).","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.3.465a","volume":"91","author":"E Barnett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barnett E, Casper M. A definition of \u201csocial environment.\u201d Am J Public Health. 2001;91(3):465.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"645_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511819599.005","volume-title":"The social origins of health and well-being","author":"R Eckersley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Eckersley R. Culture, health and well-being. In: Eckersley R, Dixon J, Douglas B, editors. The social origins of health and well-being. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. p. 51\u201370."},{"key":"645_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schelhas J Hitchner S Johnson C. Social Vulnerability and Environmental Change Along Urban\u2013Rural Interfaces. In: Laband DN, Lockaby BG, Zipperer CW, editors. Urban\u2013Rural Interfaces. 2012.","DOI":"10.2136\/2012.urban-rural.c11"},{"issue":"4","key":"645_CR92","first-page":"352","volume":"5","author":"JG Zapka","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zapka JG, Stoddard AM, McCusker J. Social network, support and influence: relationships with drug use and protective AIDS behavior. Aids Educ Prev. 1993;5(4):352\u201366.","journal-title":"Aids Educ Prev"},{"key":"645_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00259-8","volume":"52","author":"V Cattell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cattell V. Poor people, poor places, and poor health: the mediating role of social networks and social capital. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52:1501\u201316.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"645_CR94","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Social Epidemiology","author":"I Kawachi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kawachi I, Berkman L. Social cohesion, social capital, and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, editors. Social epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 147\u201390."},{"key":"645_CR95","volume-title":"Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community","author":"R Putnam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Putnam R. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of american community. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster; 2000."},{"key":"645_CR96","first-page":"499","volume-title":"Handbook of the Sociology of Education","author":"AM Pallas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pallas AM. The effects of schooling on individual lives. In: Hallinan MT, editor. Handbook of the sociology of education. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers; 2000. p. 499\u2013525."},{"issue":"9","key":"645_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.039","volume":"65","author":"R Durie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Durie R, Wyatt K. New communities, new relations: the impact of community organization on health outcomes. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(9):1928\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.039.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"645_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.168252","volume":"94","author":"L Orton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orton L, Pennington A, Nayak S, Sowden A, White M, Whitehead M. Group-based microfinance for collective empowerment: a systematic review of health impacts. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(9):694-704A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.15.168252.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"645_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.011","volume":"173","author":"MJ Zoorob","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zoorob MJ, Salemi JL. Bowling alone, dying together: the role of social capital in mitigating the drug overdose epidemic in the United States. J Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;173:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.011.","journal-title":"J Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1581-9","volume":"21","author":"Y Ransome","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ransome Y, Kawachi I, Dean LT. Neighborhood Social Capital in Relation to Late HIV Diagnosis, Linkage to HIV Care, and HIV Care Engagement. Aids Behav. 2017;21(3):891\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-016-1581-9.","journal-title":"Aids Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.11.026","volume":"66","author":"C Stephens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stephens C. Social capital in its place: using social theory to understand social capital and inequalities in health. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(5):1174\u201384 (PMID: 1815533).","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"645_CR102","first-page":"100188","volume":"10","author":"R Rapier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rapier R, McKernan S, Stauffer CS. An inverse relationship between perceived social support and substance use frequency in socially stigmatized populations. Addict Behav Rept. 2019;10:100188.","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rept"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00399-8","volume":"17","author":"B Muncan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muncan B, Walters SM, Ezell J, Ompad DC. \u201cThey look at us like junkies\u201d: influences of drug use stigma on the healthcare engagement of people who inject drugs in New York City. Harm Reduc J. 2020;17(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Harm Reduc J"},{"key":"645_CR104","unstructured":"The Continuing Causes of Segregation. in Massey DS Denton NA. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1993: 83\u2013114."},{"key":"645_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9272.2006.00569.x","volume":"58","author":"M Langford","year":"2006","unstructured":"Langford M, Higgs G. Measuring potential access to primary healthcare services: the influence of alternative spatial representations of population. Prof Geogr. 2006;58:294\u2013306.","journal-title":"Prof Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/00004010-200701000-00004","volume":"32","author":"JE Billi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Billi JE, Spahlinger Pai CW, DA. The effect of distance to primary care physician on health care utilization and disease burden. Health Care Manage Rev. 2007;32(1):22\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Care Manage Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.65714","volume":"102","author":"F Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang F. Measurement, optimization, and impact of health care accessibility: a methodological review. Ann Am Assoc Geogr. 2012;102(5):1104\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00045608.2012.65714.","journal-title":"Ann Am Assoc Geogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/15544770902901874","volume":"30","author":"A Salganicoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salganicoff A, Cubanski J, Ranji U, Neuman T. Health coverage and expenses: impact on older women\u2019s economic well-being. J Women Politics Policy. 2009;30(2):222\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15544770902901874.","journal-title":"J Women Politics Policy"},{"key":"645_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.667489","volume":"47","author":"JA Ford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ford JA, Hill TD. Religiosity and adolescent substance use: evidence from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47:787\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2012.667489.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2307\/2580326","volume":"76","author":"CG Ellison","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ellison CG, Burr JA, McCall PL. Religious homogeneity and metropolitan suicide rates. Soc Forces. 1997;76(1):273\u201399.","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"issue":"4","key":"645_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123456","volume":"10","author":"SA Sch\u00fcle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcle SA, Bolte G. Interactive and Independent Associations between the Socioeconomic and Objective Built Environment on the Neighbourhood Level and Individual Health: A Systematic Review of Multilevel Studies. Plos One. 2015;10(4):e0123456.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"645_CR112","unstructured":"Andersen RM, Davidson PL. Improving access to care in america: individual and contextual indicators. In RM Andersen, TH Rice, GF Kominski. editors. Changing the U.S. health care system: key issues in health services policy and management. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2014. p. 3\u201331."},{"key":"645_CR113","unstructured":"Skinner CS, Tiro J, Champion VL. The health belief model. in: health behavior: theory, research, and practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2015."},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233361","volume":"15","author":"NA Bhavsar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhavsar NA, Kumar M, Richman L. Defining gentrification for epidemiologic research: A systematic review. Plos One. 2020;15(5):e0233361.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"6","key":"645_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.06.001","volume":"25","author":"A Pennay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pennay A, Manton E, Savic M. Geographies of exclusion: street drinking, gentrification and contests over public space. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(6):1084\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibley D. Geographies of exclusion: society and difference in the West. Abingdon, England; New York, NY: Routledge; 2002.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203430545"},{"issue":"8","key":"645_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305136","volume":"109","author":"SM Monnat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monnat SM, Peters DJ, Berg MT, Hochstetler A. Using Census Data to Understand County-Level Differences in Overall Drug Mortality and Opioid-Related Mortality by Opioid Type. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(8):1084\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305136.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"645_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenblum A Cleland CM Fong C Kayman DJ Tempalski B Parrino M. Distance Traveled and Cross-State Commuting to Opioid Treatment Programs in the United States. J Environ Public Health. 2011; doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/948789","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/948789"},{"key":"645_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tempalski B Cleland CM Pouget ER Chatterjee S Friedman SR. Persistence of low drug treatment coverage for injection drug users in large US metropolitan areas. Subst Abuse Treat, Prev Policy. 2010; doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1747-597X-5-23","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-5-23"},{"key":"645_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.05.004","volume":"13","author":"B Tempalski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tempalski B. Placing the Dynamics of Syringe Exchange Programs in the United States. Hlth Place. 2007;13:417\u201331 (PMC2169509).","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.08.008","volume":"20","author":"HLF Cooper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooper HLF, Bossak B, Tempalski B, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC. Geographic approaches to quantifying the risk environment: Drug-related law enforcement and access to syringe exchange programmes. Int J Drug Policy. 2009;20(3):217\u201326 (PubMed PMID: 18963907 PMCID: PMC2791821).","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"645_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattick RP Breen C Kimber J Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; 8. Article ID CD002209.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2"},{"key":"645_CR123","unstructured":"Clode D Martyres R Nicholls M Allan MJ. Methadone-related deaths and prescription drug use. Dept Human Services, Victoria. 2008."},{"key":"645_CR124","first-page":"94","volume":"11","author":"GWJ Simpson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Simpson GWJ, Brown BS. Treatment retention and follow-up outcomes in the drug abuse treatment outcome study (DATOS). Psychol Addict Behav. 1997;11:94\u2013307.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"645_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-020-01103-5","volume":"48","author":"KE Watkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watkins KE, Hunter SB, Cohen CC, Leamon I, Hurley B, McCreary M, et al. Organizational capacity and readiness to provide medication for individuals with co-occurring alcohol use disorders in public mental health settings. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2021;48(4):707\u201317.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"645_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e196373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6373","volume":"2","author":"RL Haffajee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haffajee RL, Lin LA, Bohnert ASB, Goldstick JE. Characteristics of US counties with high opioid overdose mortality and low capacity to deliver medications for opioid use disorder. Jama Netw Open. 2019;2:e196373.","journal-title":"Jama Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-081715-074226","volume":"42","author":"KL Spencer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spencer KL, Grace M. Social Foundations of Health Care Inequality and Treatment Bias. Annu Rev Sociol. 2016;42(1):101\u201320.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"21","key":"645_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4469","volume":"325","author":"BD Stein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stein BD, Saloner B, Schuler MS, Gurvey J, Sorbero M, Gordon AJ. Concentration of Patient Care Among Buprenorphine-Prescribing Clinicians in the US. Jama. 2021;325(21):2206\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.4469.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"645_CR129","unstructured":"United N. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division: New York. 2014."},{"key":"645_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-200409000-00002","volume":"10","author":"AD Moulton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moulton AD, Halverson PK, Honor\u00e9 PA, Berkowitz B. Public health finance: a conceptual framework. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2004;10:377\u201382.","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-011-0148-6","volume":"14","author":"J Koschinsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koschinsky J, Lozano-Gracia N, Piras G. The Welfare Benefit of a Home\u2019s Location: An Empirical Comparison of Recent Spatial Estimators. J Geogr Syst. 2012;14(3):319\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10109-011-0148-6.","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"key":"645_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108626","volume":"221","author":"LD Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams LD, Mackesy-Amiti ME, Latkin C, Boodram B. Drug use-related stigma, safer injection norms, and hepatitis C infection among a network-based sample of young people who inject drugs. J Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108626.","journal-title":"J Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"645_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9628-4","volume":"53","author":"LD Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams LD. Understanding the relationships among HIV\/AIDs-related stigma, health service utilization, and HIV prevalence and incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-level theoretical framework. Am J Community Psychol. 2014;53:146\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2015.1091378","volume":"15","author":"SR Chaudoir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaudoir SR, Quinn DM. Evidence that anticipated stigma predicts poorer depressive symptom trajectories among emerging adults living with concealable stigmatized identities. Self Identity. 2016;15(2):139\u201351.","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"issue":"7","key":"645_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011453","volume":"6","author":"S Rueda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rueda S, Mitra S, Chen S, Gogolishvili D, Globerman J, Chambers L, et al. Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV\/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses. Bmj Open. 2016;6(7):e011453.","journal-title":"Bmj Open"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"645_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12280","volume":"63","author":"LD Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams LD, Aber JL, SIZE Research Group. The multi-level relationships of HIV-related stigma to child and caregiver mental health among HIV-affected households in South Africa. Am J Community Psychol. 2019;63(1\u20132):3\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"645_CR137","first-page":"100188","volume":"10","author":"R Rapier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rapier R, McKernan S, Stauffer CS. An inverse relationship between perceived social support and substance use frequency in socially stigmatized populations. Addict Behav Rept. 2019;10:100188.","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rept"},{"issue":"12","key":"645_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.07.011","volume":"26","author":"C Spooner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spooner C, Saktiawati MAI, Lazuardi E, Worth H, Subronto YW, Padmawati RS. Impacts of stigma on HIV risk for women who inject drugs in Java: a qualitative study. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(12):1244\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"645_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000744","volume":"75","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Earnshaw VA. Stigma and substance use disorders: a clinical, research, and advocacy agenda. Am Psychol. 2020;75(9):1300.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"645_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.04.001","volume":"129","author":"N Douthit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Douthit N, Kiv S, Dwolatzky T, Biswas S. Exposing some important barriers to health care access in the rural USA. Publ Hlth. 2015;129(6):611\u201320.","journal-title":"Publ Hlth"},{"key":"645_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parlier A\u00a0Galvin S\u00a0Thach S et al. The road to rural primary care: a narrative review of factors that help develop, recruit, and retain rural primary care physicians. Academic medicine: J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2018.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001839"},{"issue":"8","key":"645_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303212","volume":"106","author":"JT Caldwell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caldwell JT, Ford CL, Wallace SP, Wang MC, Takahashi LM. Intersection of living in a rural versus urban area and race\/ethnicity in explaining access to health care in the United States. Am J Publ Health. 2016;106(8):1463\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"645_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.02.003","volume":"11","author":"F Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang F, Luo W. Assessing spatial and nonspatial factors for healthcare access: towards an integrated approach to defining health professional shortage areas. Hlth Place. 2005;11(2):131\u201346.","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"issue":"10","key":"645_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e720","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00080-3","volume":"6","author":"C Marks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marks C, Abramovitz D, Donnelly CA, Carrasco-Escobar G, Carrasco-Hern\u00e1ndez R, Ciccarone D, et al. Identifying counties at risk of high overdose mortality burden during the emerging fentanyl epidemic in the USA: a predictive statistical modelling study. Lancet Publ Hlth. 2021;6(10):e720\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Publ Hlth"},{"issue":"1","key":"645_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001264","volume":"32","author":"N Sumetsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sumetsky N, Mair C, Wheeler-Martin K, et al. Predicting the future course of opioid overdose mortality: an example from two US states. Epidemiol. 2021;32(1):61\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001264.","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"645_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4288-3","volume":"33","author":"JM Glanz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Glanz JM, Narwaney KJ, Mueller SR, et al. Prediction model for two-year risk of opioid overdose among patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(10):1646\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-017-4288-3.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"645_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.687349","volume":"102","author":"M-P Kwan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwan M-P. The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem. Ann Assoc Am Geogr. 2012;102(5):958\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00045608.2012.687349.","journal-title":"Ann Assoc Am Geogr"},{"key":"645_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2015.04.005","volume":"34","author":"M Mason","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mason M, Mennis J, Way T, et al. Young adolescents\u2019 perceived activity space risk, peer networks, and substance use. Hlth Place. 2015;34:143\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2015.04.005.","journal-title":"Hlth Place"},{"issue":"3","key":"645_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.11.008","volume":"25","author":"AN Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez AN, Lorvick J, Kral AH. Activity spaces among injection drug users in San Francisco. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(3):516\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-022-00645-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-022-00645-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-022-00645-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T23:17:03Z","timestamp":1668381423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-022-00645-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-022-00645-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}