{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:12:37Z","timestamp":1774077157723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00736-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T16:52:52Z","timestamp":1684860772000},"page":"436-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Examining Increasing Racial Inequities in Opioid Overdose Deaths: a Spatiotemporal Analysis of Black and White Decedents in St. Louis, Missouri, 2011\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devin E.","family":"Banks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Scroggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Paschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enbal","family":"Shacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Nance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Cavazos-Rehg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel P.","family":"Winograd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.010","volume":"71","author":"D Ciccarone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciccarone D. The triple wave epidemic: supply and demand drivers of the US opioid overdose crisis. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;71:183\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.010.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"736_CR2","unstructured":"Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. Published online 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm. Accessed 30 Jan 2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15233","volume":"116","author":"D Furr-Holden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furr-Holden D, Milam AJ, Wang L, Sadler R. African Americans now outpace whites in opioid-involved overdose deaths: a comparison of temporal trends from 1999 to 2018. Addiction. 2021;116(3):677\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15233.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0004","volume":"79","author":"JR Friedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedman JR, Hansen H. Evaluation of increases in drug overdose mortality rates in the US by race and ethnicity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(4):379\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0004.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"736_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.11.005","volume":"26","author":"LM Rossen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rossen LM, Khan D, Warner M. Hot spots in mortality from drug poisoning in the United States, 2007\u20132009. Health Place. 2014;26:14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.11.005.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61281-y","volume":"10","author":"A Hernandez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hernandez A, Branscum AJ, Li J, MacKinnon NJ, Hincapie AL, Cuadros DF. Epidemiological and geospatial profile of the prescription opioid crisis in Ohio, United States. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):4341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61281-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1599472","volume":"51","author":"PL Marotta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marotta PL, Hunt T, Gilbert L, Wu E, Goddard-Eckrich D, El-Bassel N. Assessing spatial relationships between prescription drugs, race, and overdose in New York State from 2013 to 2015. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2019;51(4):360\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2019.1599472.","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"227","key":"736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.07.030","volume":"1982","author":"RC Sadler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadler RC, Hippensteel CL, Nelson V, Greene-Moton E, Furr-Holden D. Community-engaged development of a GIS-based healthfulness index to shape health equity solutions. Soc Sci Med. 2019;1982(227):63\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.07.030.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9967-y","volume":"92","author":"AJ Visconti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Visconti AJ, Santos GM, Lemos NP, Burke C, Coffin PO. Opioid overdose deaths in the City and County of San Francisco: prevalence, distribution, and disparities. J Urban Health. 2015;92(4):758\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-015-9967-y.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.027","volume":"132","author":"M Cerd\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1 M, Ransome Y, Keyes KM, et al. Prescription opioid mortality trends in New York City, 1990\u20132006: examining the emergence of an epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(1-2):53\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.027.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.006","volume":"132","author":"F Modarai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Modarai F, Mack K, Hicks P, et al. Relationship of opioid prescription sales and overdoses, North Carolina. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(1-2):81\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.006.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"736_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.024","volume":"68","author":"TJ Stopka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stopka TJ, Amaravadi H, Kaplan AR, et al. Opioid overdose deaths and potentially inappropriate opioid prescribing practices (PIP): a spatial epidemiological study. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;68:37\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.024.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.02.005","volume":"11","author":"C Hembree","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hembree C, Galea S, Ahern J, et al. The urban built environment and overdose mortality in New York City neighborhoods. Health Place. 2005;11(2):147\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.02.005.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305368","volume":"110","author":"ED Nesoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nesoff ED, Branas CC, Martins SS. The geographic distribution of fentanyl-involved overdose deaths in Cook County, Illinois. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(1):98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305368.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00610-0","volume":"99","author":"R Ghose","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghose R, Forati AM, Mantsch JR. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on opioid overdose deaths: a spatiotemporal analysis. J Urban Health. 2022;99(2):316\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-022-00610-0.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-021-00554-x","volume":"98","author":"AM Forati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Forati AM, Ghose R, Mantsch JR. Examining opioid overdose deaths across communities defined by racial composition: a multiscale geographically weighted regression approach. J Urban Health. 2021;98(4):551\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-021-00554-x.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-0023-8","volume":"93","author":"C Rowe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowe C, Santos GM, Vittinghoff E, Wheeler E, Davidson P, Coffin PO. Neighborhood-level and spatial characteristics associated with lay naloxone reversal events and opioid overdose deaths. J Urban Health. 2016;93(1):117\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-015-0023-8.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.008","volume":"113","author":"ASB Bohnert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bohnert ASB, Nandi A, Tracy M, et al. Policing and risk of overdose mortality in urban neighborhoods. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;113(1):62\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.008.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102430","volume":"66","author":"LT Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson LT, Shreve T. The ecology of overdose mortality in Philadelphia. Health Place. 2020;66:102430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102430.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"10","key":"736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.170464","volume":"100","author":"EM Berke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berke EM, Tanski SE, Demidenko E, Alford-Teaster J, Shi X, Sargent JD. Alcohol retail density and demographic predictors of health disparities: a geographic analysis. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(10):1967\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.170464.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-018-0947-9","volume":"20","author":"CL Hippensteel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hippensteel CL, Sadler RC, Milam AJ, Nelson V, Debra F-HC. Using zoning as a public health tool to reduce oversaturation of alcohol outlets: an examination of the effects of the new \u201c300 foot rule\u201d on packaged goods stores in a mid-Atlantic city. Prev Sci. 2019;20(6):833\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-018-0947-9.","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.008","volume":"179","author":"T Gomes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, van den Brink W. Prevalence and characteristics of opioid-related deaths involving alcohol in Ontario, Canada. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;179:416\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.008.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"736_CR23","unstructured":"University of Missouri, St. Louis-Missouri Institute of Mental Health Addiction Science Team, St. Louis City and St. Louis County Medical Examiners. St. Louis City and County drug-involved deaths report 2021. Published online 2020. https:\/\/www.mimhaddisci.org\/missouri-overdose-data"},{"issue":"6","key":"736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1177\/0096144217696988","volume":"44","author":"M Benton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benton M. \u201cJust the way things are around here\u201d: racial segregation, critical junctures, and path dependence in Saint Louis. J Urban Hist. 2018;44(6):1113\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0096144217696988.","journal-title":"J Urban Hist"},{"key":"736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.03.040","volume":"230","author":"KM Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris KM. Mapping inequality: childhood asthma and environmental injustice, a case study of St. Louis, Missouri. Soc Sci Med. 2019;230:91\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.03.040.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"736_CR26","unstructured":"Goodman, M. S., & Gilbert, K. L. Segregation: divided cities lead to differences in health. Published online 2013.\u00a0https:\/\/forthesakeofall.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/11\/policy-brief-4.pdf. Accessed 30 Jan 2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR27","first-page":"362","volume":"117","author":"WV Stoecker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stoecker WV, Bosworth KT, Rottnek F. Missouri\u2019s fentanyl problem: the China connection. Mo Med. 2020;117(4):362\u20139.","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xun Li & Luc Anselin. rgeoda: R library for spatial data analysis. Published online 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rgeoda. Accessed 30 Jan 2023","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.rgeoda"},{"issue":"4","key":"736_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/socf.12746","volume":"36","author":"J Wagner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wagner J, Neitzke-Spruill L, Donnelly EA, O\u2019Connell DJ, Anderson TL. The current community context of overdose deaths: relations among drug types, drug markets, and socioeconomic neighborhood characteristics. Sociol Forum. 2021;36(4):1005\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/socf.12746.","journal-title":"Sociol Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"736_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403420911415","volume":"32","author":"EA Donnelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donnelly EA, Wagner J, Stenger M, Cortina HG, O\u2019Connell DJ, Anderson TL. Opioids, race, and drug enforcement: exploring local relationships between neighborhood context and Black\u2013White opioid-related possession arrests. Crim Justice Policy Rev. 2021;32(3):219\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0887403420911415.","journal-title":"Crim Justice Policy Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"736_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306988","volume":"112","author":"M Doe-Simkins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doe-Simkins M, El-Sabawi T, Carroll JJ. Whose concerns? It\u2019s time to adjust the lens of research on police-involved overdose response. Am J Public Health. 2022;112(9):1239\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306988.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00734-9","volume":"20","author":"DE Banks","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banks DE, Duello A, Paschke M, Grigsby E, Winograd RP. Identifying drivers of increasing opioid overdose deaths among Black individuals: a qualitative model drawing on experience of peers and community health workers. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20(5):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-023-00734-9.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.09.010","volume":"50","author":"AD Latimore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Latimore AD, Bergstein RS. \u201cCaught with a body\u201d yet protected by law? Calling 911 for opioid overdose in the context of the Good Samaritan Law. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;50:82\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.09.010.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"736_CR34","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts: United States; East St. Louis City, Illinois. Published online n.d. Accessed June 18, 2020. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US,eaststlouiscityillinois\/POP010220"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00736-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00736-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00736-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]],"date-time":"2024-10-20T23:32:07Z","timestamp":1729467127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00736-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00736-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}