{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:20:10Z","timestamp":1790907610708,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent growth in the share of household dollars spent on food consumed outside the home, in combination with growing obesity disparities, has heightened interest in food advertising by geography and population demographics. This study aimed to identify changes in advertising expenditure by US restaurant chains across counties, grouped by income, race, and ethnicity, specifically examining whether the lowest income and highest percentage of Black and Hispanic\/Latino residents are disproportionately impacted by these trends. Using expenditure and location data for the top-100 grossing US restaurant chains and county-level demographic information, we measured patterns and trends in advertising expenditure at the county level. US counties were split by population density and socio-demographics. Quantile regression analysis was performed to identify baseline differences in total spending within county groups, as well as changes over time. Results show that fast food restaurant chains reported the highest expenditures among the types of restaurants and that the majority of advertising dollars were spent on television advertisements within the highest density counties. Our results show that\u2014for all density types\u2014the lowest levels and the greatest declines of advertising dollars occur among high-income counties and those with a low proportion of Black and Hispanic\/Latino residents. Within the lowest density (rural) counties, the highest expenditure rates occurred in counties with a high proportion of Black and Hispanic\/Latino residents, regardless of income. Among the highest density (urban) counties, the highest spending levels were observed in low-income counties. Together, these results suggest that restaurant advertising dollars in high- and low-density counties are consistently targeted toward populations who are also at greater risk for obesity in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-025-01039-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T16:12:01Z","timestamp":1767715921000},"page":"92-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Restaurant Advertising Expenditure Patterns in US Counties by Race, Ethnicity, and Income"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Briana Joy K.","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara N.","family":"Bleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania V.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keren M.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1039_CR1","unstructured":"Ag and food statistics: charting the essentials - food prices and spending. Economic research service. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials\/food-prices-and-spending. Accessed 14 Jan 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR2","unstructured":"Food expenditure series - documentation. Economic research service. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/food-expenditure-series\/documentation. Accessed 26 Oct 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR3","unstructured":"U.S. consumers increased spending on food away from home in 2023, Driving overall food spending growth. Economic research service.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/amber-waves\/2024\/october\/u-s-consumers-increased-spending-on-food-away-from-home-in-2023-driving-overall-food-spending-growth. Accessed 26 Oct 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR4","unstructured":"Food service industry - market segments. Economic research service.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-markets-prices\/food-service-industry\/market-segments?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 15 Apr 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR5","unstructured":"Larson S. U.S. restaurant and foodservice industry statistics and trends for 2024. Escoffier.\u00a0https:\/\/www.escoffier.edu\/blog\/world-food-drink\/us-restaurant-foodservice-industry-statistics\/. Accessed 8 Sept 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Products - data briefs - number 508. September 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc\/159281","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/159281"},{"key":"1039_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueac013","volume":"132","author":"R Griffith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Griffith R. Obesity, poverty and public policy. Econ J. 2022;132:1235\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ej\/ueac013.","journal-title":"Econ J"},{"key":"1039_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304","volume":"30","author":"JL Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris JL, Pomeranz JL, Lobstein T, Brownell KD, Annual Reviews. A crisis in the marketplace: how food marketing contributes to childhood obesity and what can be done. Annu Rev Public Health. 2009;30:211\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1039_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120022","volume":"103","author":"EJ Boyland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boyland EJ, Nolan S, Kelly B, Tudur-Smith C, Jones A, Halford JC, et al. Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):519\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.115.120022.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1039_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0672-6","volume":"15","author":"J Norman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Norman J, Kelly B, McMahon A-T, Boyland E, Baur LA, Chapman K, et al. Sustained impact of energy-dense TV and online food advertising on children\u2019s dietary intake: a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counter-balanced trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-018-0672-6.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"1039_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12812","volume":"20","author":"SJ Russell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russell SJ, Croker H, Viner RM. The effect of screen advertising on children\u2019s dietary intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2019;20:554\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12812.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1039_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207677","volume":"17","author":"CR Singleton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singleton CR, Winkler M, Houghtaling B, Adeyemi OS, Roehll AM, Pionke JJ, et al. Understanding the intersection of race\/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location: a scoping review of U.S. consumer food purchasing. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:7677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17207677.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1039_CR13","unstructured":"Harris J, Frazier III W. Rudd report: increasing disparities in unhealthy food advertising targeted to Hispanic and Black youth. 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"1039_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.2.246","volume":"92","author":"LR Young","year":"2002","unstructured":"Young LR, Nestle M, American Public Health Association. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(2):246\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.92.2.246.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1039_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00953.x","volume":"13","author":"C Lachat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lachat C, Nago E, Verstraeten R, Roberfroid D, Van Camp J, Kolsteren P. Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: a systematic review of the evidence. Obes Rev. 2012;13:329\u201346.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1039_CR16","unstructured":"Food & beverage marketing statistics. CHAMP Digit.\u00a0https:\/\/champdigital.com\/blog\/food-beverage-marketing-statistics\/. Accessed 8 Sept 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103607","volume":"31","author":"SA Grier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grier SA, Kumanyika S, Annual Reviews. Targeted marketing and public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2010;31:349\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103607.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"1039_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.115626","volume":"98","author":"SA Grier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grier SA, Kumanyika SK, American Public Health Association. The context for choice: health implications of targeted food and beverage marketing to African Americans. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:1616\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2007.115626.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1039_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05683-8","volume":"35","author":"SN Bleich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bleich SN, Jones-Smith JC, Jarlenski MP, Wolfson JA, Frelier JM, Tao H, et al. Impact of changes in chain restaurant calories over time on obesity risk. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:1743\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-020-05683-8.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"1039_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19519","volume":"3","author":"SN Bleich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bleich SN, Soto MJ, Jones-Smith JC, Wolfson JA, Jarlenski MP, Dunn CG, et al. Association of chain restaurant advertising spending with obesity in US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3: e2019519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19519.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1039_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9127-5","volume":"84","author":"NOA Kwate","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kwate NOA, Lee TH. Ghettoizing outdoor advertising: disadvantage and ad panel density in Black neighborhoods. J Urban Health. 2007;84:21\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-006-9127-5.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1039_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301694","volume":"104","author":"BC Lowery","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lowery BC, Sloane DC, American Public Health Association. The prevalence of harmful content on outdoor advertising in Los Angeles: land use, community characteristics, and the spatial inequality of a public health nuisance. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:658\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301694.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1039_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9980-1","volume":"92","author":"DL Cassady","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cassady DL, Liaw K, Miller LMS. Disparities in obesity-related outdoor advertising by neighborhood income and race. J Urban Health. 2015;92:835\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-015-9980-1.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1039_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-016-0127-9","volume":"94","author":"SC Lucan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lucan SC, Maroko AR, Sanon OC, Schechter CB. Unhealthful food-and-beverage advertising in subway stations: targeted marketing, vulnerable groups, dietary intake, and poor health. J Urban Health. 2017;94:220\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-016-0127-9.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1039_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2009.00551.x","volume":"87","author":"AK Yancey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yancey AK, Cole BL, Brown R, Williams JD, Hillier A, Kline RS, et al. A cross-sectional prevalence study of ethnically targeted and general audience outdoor obesity-related advertising. Milbank Q. 2009;87:155\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2009.00551.x.","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"1039_CR26","unstructured":"The first-time restaurant franchisor guide. Nation\u2019s Restaurant News.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nrn.com\/franchising\/first-time-restaurant-franchisor-guide. Accessed 29 Jan 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR27","unstructured":"Portalatin D. The top 50 U.S. restaurants rankings of 2025. Circana. https:\/\/www.circana.com\/post\/circana-announces-top-50-u-s-restaurants-for-2025. Accessed 8 Sept 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR28","unstructured":"DMA regions. Nielsen.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/dma-regions\/. Accessed 8 Sept 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.06.006","volume":"29","author":"LM Powell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Powell LM, Wada R, Kumanyika SK. Racial\/ethnic and income disparities in child and adolescent exposure to food and beverage television ads across the U.S. media markets. Health Place. 2014;29:124\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.06.006.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1039_CR30","unstructured":"Wickham H, Francois R, Henry L, Muller K, Vaughan D. dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation. R Package Version 114. 2023; https:\/\/dplyr.tidyverse.org\/authors.html. Accessed 29 Jan 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinheiro J, Bates D, R Core Team. nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. 1999. p. 3.1\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.nlme","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.nlme"},{"key":"1039_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geraci M. Linear quantile mixed models: the lqmm Package for Laplace quantile regression. J Stat Softw. 2014;57(13):1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v057.i13.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v057.i13"},{"key":"1039_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2013-014","volume":"5","author":"D Kahle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahle D, Wickham H. Ggmap: spatial visualization with ggplot2. The R Journal. 2013;5:144\u201361.","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"1039_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer International Publishing; 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"1039_CR35","unstructured":"Seasonality trends in the AdTech industry \u2013 what should publishers do?. Publir. 2021.\u00a0https:\/\/publir.com\/blog\/2021\/12\/seasonality-trends-in-the-adtech-industry-what-should-publishers-do\/. Accessed 8 Sept 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR36","unstructured":"Peaks and valleys: ad spending trends around the world. Nielsen.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/insights\/2024\/global-ad-spending-trends\/. Accessed 8 Sept 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR37","unstructured":"Top 500 restaurants recent news | Nation\u2019s restaurant news.\u00a0Nations Restaur. News. https:\/\/www.nrn.com\/restaurant-insights\/top-500-restaurants. Accessed 18 Apr 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA17674","volume":"89","author":"BT Shapiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shapiro BT, Hitsch GJ, Tuchman AE. TV advertising effectiveness and profitability: generalizable results from 288 brands - The Econometric Society. Econometrica. 2021;89:1855\u201379.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"1039_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.104505","volume":"8","author":"EL Kenney","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kenney EL, Mozaffarian RS, Norris J, Fleming-Milici F, Bleich SN. Estimating young children\u2019s exposure to food and beverage marketing on mobile devices. Curr Dev Nutr. 2024;8: 104505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.104505.","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"1039_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107241","volume":"196","author":"E Boyland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boyland E, Spanakis P, O\u2019Reilly C, Christiansen P. Associations between everyday exposure to food marketing and hunger and food craving in adults: an ecological momentary assessment study. Appetite. 2024;196: 107241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107241.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1039_CR41","unstructured":"(PDF) A review of phenomenal raise of advertisement spending with digital marketing. ResearchGate. 2025.\u00a0https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/334598560_A_Review_of_Phenomenal_Raise_of_Advertisement_Spending_with_Digital_Marketing. Accessed 26 Oct 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR42","unstructured":"wpengine. Mobile captures more than half of all U.S. internet advertising revenue for the first time ever, total digital ad spend hits a landmark $72.5 billion in 2016. IAB. 2017. https:\/\/www.iab.com\/news\/internet-advertising-revenue-first-time-ever-total-digital-ad-spend-hits-landmark-72-5-billion-2016\/. Accessed 26 Oct 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070760","volume":"14","author":"V Kraak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kraak V, Englund T, Misyak S, Serrano E, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. Progress evaluation for the restaurant industry assessed by a voluntary marketing-mix and choice-architecture framework that offers strategies to nudge American customers toward healthy food environments, 2006\u20132017. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:760.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1039_CR44","unstructured":"Sweet drinks, sour consequences center for Google search. https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=Sweet+Drinks%2C+Sour+Consequences+center+for&oq=Sweet+Drinks%2C++Sour+Consequences+center+for+&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRigATIHCAIQIRigATIHCAMQIRigATIHCAQQIRigATIHCAUQIRigATIHCAYQIRiPAjIHCAcQIRiPAtIBCDQ2NzVqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8. Accessed 26 Oct 2025"},{"key":"1039_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2025.100382","volume":"4","author":"LP Hofmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hofmann LP, Wang Y, Fuster M, Stoecker C, Gollub E, Knapp M. Assessment of restaurant beverage offerings on children\u2019s menus in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. AJPM Focus. 2025;4: 100382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.focus.2025.100382.","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"key":"1039_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.103067","volume":"53","author":"S Marinello","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marinello S, Leider J, Fuster M, Knapp M, Powell LM. Changes in chain restaurant kids\u2019 meal beverage offerings on online ordering platforms after a healthy beverage default policy in New Orleans, Louisiana. Prev Med Rep. 2025;53: 103067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.103067.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"1039_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.11.007","volume":"52","author":"AJ Moran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moran AJ, Block JP, Goshev SG, Bleich SN, Roberto CA. Trends in nutrient content of children\u2019s menu items in U.S. chain restaurants. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52:284\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.11.007.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"1039_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.12.012","volume":"62","author":"J Petimar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petimar J, Gibson LA, Yan J, Bleich SN, Mitra N, Trego ML, et al. Sustained impact of the Philadelphia beverage tax on beverage prices and sales over 2 years. Am J Prev Med. 2022;62:921\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.12.012.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"1039_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LaVeist T, Pollack K, Thorpe R, Fesahazion R, Gaskin D. Place, not race: disparities dissipate in Southwest Baltimore when Blacks and Whites live under similar conditions. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30:1880\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0640.","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0640"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-025-01039-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-025-01039-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-025-01039-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T21:07:25Z","timestamp":1777842445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-025-01039-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-025-01039-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article presents analyses conducted by the researchers and is based in part on data from the Nielsen Company (US), LLC and marketing databases provided through Nielsen Datasets at the Kilts Center for Marketing Data Center at The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The conclusions drawn from the Nielsen data are those of the researchers and do not reflect the views of Nielsen or its licensors. Nielsen and its licensors are not responsible for, have had no role in, and were not involved in analyzing and preparing the results reported herein.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimers"}}]}}