{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:45:39Z","timestamp":1782758739287,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Benioff Homeless and Housing Initiative"},{"name":"University of California Office of the President Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives","award":["M21PR3278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M21PR3278"]}]},{"name":"The James Irvine Foundation"},{"name":"Woven Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are overrepresented in the criminal justice system. They frequently cycle between jail and emergency departments and experience poor health outcomes. Some jails offer mental health services, but the criminal justice environment is not conducive to optimal treatment and recovery. Individuals with SMI may require targeted interventions, but few studies have examined characteristics of individuals in jail with and without an SMI or compared their post-release trajectories. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using health services and jail system data from the City and County of San Francisco from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2021. We included 1568 adults with at least one jail incarceration from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018, stratified by the presence or absence of an SMI diagnosis, and compared health services use, jail system interactions, and associated factors. Compared to individuals without SMI, those with SMI had higher rates of substance use disorder (82.5% vs. 53.3%) and homelessness (82.2% vs. 61.0%). The longest single jail incarceration averaged 11.3\u00a0days longer for individuals with SMI (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05, 95% CI: 1.38, 21.26). Post-release, individuals with SMI had higher rates of health services use and reincarceration. We found that individuals with SMI in jail have higher rates of homelessness, health services use, and jail reincarceration. This underlines the responsibility placed on jails to address the complex needs of individuals with SMI. Investment should focus on reentry and diversion programs, as well as expanding jail and community-based mental health care for individuals with SMI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-026-01058-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T21:47:55Z","timestamp":1771969675000},"page":"533-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling Intersecting Experiences: Investigating Health Care and Jail System Interaction Before and After Incarceration Among Adults with Serious Mental Illness in San Francisco"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3654-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan","family":"Hewlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Graham-Squire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa","family":"Skog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Lacoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemal","family":"Kanzaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Izenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Raven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey R, Sharpe D, Kwiatkowski T, Watson S, Dexter Samuels A, Hall J. Mental health care disparities now and in the future. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5:351\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-017-0377-6"},{"key":"1058_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azar KMJ, Petersen JP, Shen Z, Nasrallah C, Pesa J, LaMori J, et al. Serious mental illness and health-related factors associated with regional emergency department utilization. Popul Health Manag. 2020;23:430\u20137.","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2019.0161"},{"key":"1058_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis J, Weich S, O\u2019Keeffe C, Stone T, Hulin J, Bell N, et al. Use of urgent, emergency and acute care by mental health service users: a record-level cohort study. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0281667.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281667"},{"key":"1058_CR4","unstructured":"Torrey EF, Zdanowicz MT, Kennard AD, Lamb HR.\u00a0The Treatment of Persons with Mental Illness in Prisons and Jails: A State Survey. The Treatment Advocacy Center; 2014. https:\/\/www.tac.org\/reports_publications\/the-treatment-of-persons-with-mental-ilnnes-in-prisons-and-jails-a-state-survey\/. Accessed 23 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR5","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. HUD 2023 Continuum of Care Homeless Assistance Programs Homeless Populations and Subpopulations.\u00a0U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development;2023 Nov. https:\/\/files.hudexchange.info\/reports\/published\/CoC_PopSub_NatlTerrDC_2023.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR6","unstructured":"Laura M. Maruschak, Jennifer Bronson, Mariel Alper. Indicators of mental health problems reported by prisoners: survey of prison inmates, 2016 | Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2021 Jun. Available from: https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/indicators-mental-health-problems-reported-prisoners-survey-prison-inmates. Accessed 23 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halmer TC, Beall RC, Shah AA, Dark C. Health policy considerations in treating mental and behavioral health emergencies in the United States. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2015;33:875\u201391.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2015.07.013"},{"key":"1058_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Rousan T, Rubenstein L, Sieleni B, Deol H, Wallace RB. Inside the nation\u2019s largest mental health institution: a prevalence study in a state prison system. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:342.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4257-0"},{"key":"1058_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulvey EP, Schubert CA. Mentally ill individuals in jails and prisons. Crime Justice. 2017;46:231\u201377.","DOI":"10.1086\/688461"},{"key":"1058_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirschtritt ME, Binder RL. Interrupting the mental illness-incarceration-recidivism cycle. JAMA. 2017;317:695\u20136.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20992"},{"key":"1058_CR11","unstructured":"Alexi Jones, Wendy Sawyer. Arrest, release, repeat: how police and jails are misused to respond to social problems. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/repeatarrests.html. Accessed 10 June 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Western B, Muhammad KG, Negussie Y, Backes E, editors. Reducing racial inequality in crime and justice: science, practice, and policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/26705. Accessed 12 Dec\u00a02024.","DOI":"10.17226\/26705"},{"key":"1058_CR13","unstructured":"Caroline Cawley, Jamila Henderson, Hemal Kanzaria, Johanna Lacoe, Stephen Paolillo, Kenneth Perez, et al. Signals of distress: high utilization of criminal legal and urgent and emergent health services in San Francisco. Benioff Homeless and Housing Initiative; California Policy Lab; 2022 Sep. https:\/\/www.capolicylab.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Signals-of-Distress.-High-Utilization-in-San-Francisco.pdf.\u00a0Accessed 23 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanzaria HK, Niedzwiecki M, Cawley CL, Chapman C, Sabbagh SH, Riggs E, et al. Frequent emergency department users: focusing solely on medical utilization misses the whole person. Health Aff (Millwood). 2019;38:1866\u201375.","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00082"},{"key":"1058_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cawley C, Raven MC, Martinez MX, Niedzwiecki M, Kushel MB, Kanzaria HK. Understanding the 100 highest users of health and social services in San Francisco. Acad Emerg Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acem.14299.","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14299"},{"key":"1058_CR16","unstructured":"Checklists. STROBE Statement Available Checkl. Available from: https:\/\/www.strobe-statement.org\/checklists\/. Accessed\u00a013 Jun 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simoni-Wastila L, Zuckerman IH, Shaffer T, Blanchette CM, Stuart B. Drug use patterns in severely mentally ill medicare beneficiaries: impact of discontinuities in drug coverage. Health Serv Res. 2008;43:496\u2013514.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2007.00779.x"},{"key":"1058_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber EJ, Showstack JA, Hunt KA, Colby DC, Callaham ML. Does lack of a usual source of care or health insurance increase the likelihood of an emergency department visit? Results of a national population-based study. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:4\u201312.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.06.023"},{"key":"1058_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas EG, Spittal MJ, Taxman FS, Puljevi\u0107 C, Heffernan EB, Kinner SA. Association between contact with mental health and substance use services and reincarceration after release from prison. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0272870.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272870"},{"key":"1058_CR20","unstructured":"Susan Flores. Medi-cal managed care plan mental health services an unfulfilled promise for communities of color. California Pan-Ethnic Health Network; 2021 Sep. https:\/\/cpehn.org\/assets\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Medi-Cal-Managed-Care-Plan-Mental-Health-Services_September-2021-1.pdf"},{"key":"1058_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson SF, Nordentoft M, Fazel S, Laursen TM. Risk of homelessness after prison release and recidivism in Denmark: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8:e756-65.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00152-4"},{"key":"1058_CR22","unstructured":"Sarah Gillespie, Samantha Batko. Five charts that explain the homelessness-jail cycle\u2014and how to break it | urban institute. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.urban.org\/features\/five-charts-explain-homelessness-jail-cycle-and-how-break-it. Accessed 14 May 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eswaran V, Raven MC, Wang RC, Cawley C, Izenberg JM, Kanzaria HK. Understanding the association between frequent emergency department use and jail incarceration: a cross-sectional analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2022;29:606\u201314.","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14437"},{"key":"1058_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs LA, Giordano SNJ. It\u2019s not like therapy\u201d: patient-inmate perspectives on jail psychiatric services. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2018;45:265\u201375.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-017-0821-2"},{"key":"1058_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris NP, Edwards ML. Addressing shortages of mental health professionals in U.S. jails and prisons. J Correct Health Care. 2022;28:209\u201314.","DOI":"10.1089\/jchc.21.08.0072"},{"key":"1058_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u201cGood luck, social distance\u201d: rapid decarceration and community care for serious mental illness and substance use disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic | Health & Justice | Full Text. Available from: https:\/\/healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-023-00238-5. Accessed\u00a0 19 Dec 2024.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-023-00238-5"},{"key":"1058_CR27","unstructured":"Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. Behavioral Health Court. Behav Health Court. Available from: https:\/\/sf.courts.ca.gov\/divisions\/collaborative-courts\/behavioral-health-court. Accessed\u00a012 Jun 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambatese M, Marder D, Begier E, Gutkovich A, Mos R, Griffin A, et al. Programmatic impact of 5 years of mortality surveillance of New York City homeless populations. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(Suppl 2):S193-198.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301196"},{"key":"1058_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loubi\u00e8re S, Lemoine C, Boucekine M, Boyer L, Girard V, Tinland A, et al. Housing first for homeless people with severe mental illness: extended 4-year follow-up and analysis of recovery and housing stability from the randomized un chez soi d\u2019abord trial. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2022;31:e14.","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796022000026"},{"key":"1058_CR30","unstructured":"Adiah Price-Tucker, Ryan Zhang, Swathi Srinivasan. Successful reentry: a community-level analysis. The Harvard University Institute of Politics Criminal Justice Group; 2019 Dec. https:\/\/iop.harvard.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-02\/IOP_Policy_Program_2019_Reentry_Policy.pdf.\u00a0Accessed 23 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1058_CR31","unstructured":"Liz Buck, Olivia Randi, Dan Mistak, Kathy Moses. CalAIM explained: caring for californians leaving incarceration. California Health Care Foundation; 2023 Jul p. 25. Available from: https:\/\/www.chcf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/CalAIMExplainedCaringCaliforniansLeavingIncarceration.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2024."}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01058-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01058-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01058-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:14:04Z","timestamp":1782756844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01058-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01058-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}