{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:20:05Z","timestamp":1780496405348,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 CA116339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 CA116339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA253450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA253450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50-CA058223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-CA058223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA016086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA016086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA016080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA016080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000869","name":"Susan G. Komen for the Cure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OGUNC1202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OGUNC1202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000869","name":"Susan G. Komen for the Cure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OG22873776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OG22873776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000869","name":"Susan G. Komen for the Cure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAC210102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAC210102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000869","name":"Susan G. Komen for the Cure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TREND21686258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TREND21686258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT94252310235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT94252310235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001006","name":"Breast Cancer Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEI-23-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEI-23-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Urban Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Composite indices of neighborhood-level social environment are frequently used in cancer research, but relationships among these indices have been seldom studied, especially in race-stratified analyses. We considered four census tract-level social indices: Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI; continuous, quartiles, and clusters); Yost (continuous, quartiles, and clusters); racialized-income Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE; continuous, quartiles, and clusters); and a care access metric (categorical). These were linked to the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a cohort of 2998 adults (50% Black, 50% aged &lt; 50\u00a0years) with invasive breast cancer, diagnosed 2008\u20132013 in North Carolina, USA. Age-adjusted associations of each index with late-stage breast cancer (stage III\u2013IV) were assessed using generalized linear models and relative frequency differences (RFDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There were strong correlations (&gt; 0.79 for pairwise comparisons) between the continuous NDI, Yost, and ICE, but pairwise agreement was moderate (55% to 70%) among indices as quartiles. Care access had low concordance with the other three indices. Among Black participants, late-stage breast cancer was associated with all indices, including the most disadvantaged quartile (vs least) of NDI (RFD = 7.0%, 95% CI: 1.6, 12.4), Yost (RFD = 8.8%, 95% CI: 3.3, 14.3), and ICE (RFD = 7.6%, 95% CI: 2.2, 13.0) and was strongly associated with care access (RFD = 9.4%, 95% CI: 3.8, 15.0). These associations were not significant among non-Black participants. Overall, multiple neighborhood-level social indices, including one based on healthcare data, are associated with late-stage breast cancer among Black participants, suggesting multiple dimensions of vulnerability to structural barriers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-026-01072-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:20:59Z","timestamp":1775841659000},"page":"395-405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing Neighborhood Indices of Socioeconomic Status, Segregation, and Healthcare Access for Predicting Late-Stage Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7618-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srijon","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scarlett L.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Hyslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Troester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1072_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.07.014","volume":"57","author":"EK Cottrell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cottrell EK, Dambrun K, Cowburn S, Mossman N, Bunce AE, Marino M, et al. Variation in electronic health record documentation of social determinants of health across a national network of community health centers. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57:S65-73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.07.014.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"1072_CR2","first-page":"263","volume":"14","author":"SC Conrey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Conrey SC, Burrell AR, Brokamp C, Burke RM, Couch SC, Niu L, et al. Comparison of neighborhood deprivation index and food desert status as environmental predictors of early childhood obesity. Int Public Health J. 2022;14:263\u201376.","journal-title":"Int Public Health J"},{"key":"1072_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01449.x","volume":"48","author":"DC Butler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Butler DC, Petterson S, Phillips RL, Bazemore AW. Measures of social deprivation that predict health care access and need within a rational area of primary care service delivery. Health Serv Res. 2013;48:539\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01449.x.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1072_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7705","volume":"9","author":"KF Hoskins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoskins KF, Calip GS, Huang H-C, Ibraheem A, Danciu OC, Rauscher GH. Association of social determinants and tumor biology with racial disparity in survival from early-stage, hormone-dependent breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9:536\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7705.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"1072_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1038","volume":"30","author":"LJ Collin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Collin LJ, Gaglioti AH, Beyer KM, Zhou Y, Moore MA, Nash R, et al. Neighborhood-level redlining and lending bias are associated with breast cancer mortality in a large and diverse metropolitan area. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021;30:53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1038.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"1072_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271319","volume":"17","author":"B Conti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Conti B, Bochaton A, Charreire H, Kitzis-Bonsang H, Despr\u00e8s C, Baffert S, et al. Influence of geographic access and socioeconomic characteristics on breast cancer outcomes: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0271319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271319.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1072_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.39593","volume":"4","author":"E Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng E, Soulos PR, Irwin ML, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Presley CJ, Fuchs CS, et al. Neighborhood and individual socioeconomic disadvantage and survival among patients with nonmetastatic common cancers. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2139593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.39593.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1072_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.8908","volume":"6","author":"N Goel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goel N, Hernandez A, Thompson C, Choi S, Westrick A, Stoler J, et al. Neighborhood disadvantage and breast cancer\u2013specific survival. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e238908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.8908.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1072_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33900","volume":"128","author":"JJ Plascak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Plascak JJ, Rundle AG, Xu X, Mooney SJ, Schootman M, Lu B, et al. Associations between neighborhood disinvestment and breast cancer outcomes within a populous state registry. Cancer. 2022;128:131\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.33900.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1072_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00811-1","volume":"101","author":"LE Barber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barber LE, Maliniak ML, Nash R, Moubadder L, Haynes D, Ward KC, et al. A comparison of three area-level indices of neighborhood deprivation and socioeconomic status and their applicability to breast cancer mortality. J Urban Health. 2024;101:75\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-023-00811-1.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1072_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00482","volume":"41","author":"S Trinidad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trinidad S, Brokamp C, MorHuertas A, Beck AF, Riley CL, Rasnick E, et al. Use of area-based socioeconomic deprivation indices: a scoping review and qualitative analysis. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2022;41:1804\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00482.","journal-title":"Health Aff Proj Hope"},{"key":"1072_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292281","volume":"18","author":"KA Rollings","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rollings KA, Noppert GA, Griggs JJ, Melendez RA, Clarke PJ. Comparison of two area-level socioeconomic deprivation indices: implications for public health research, practice, and policy. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0292281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292281.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1072_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2021.100412","volume":"37","author":"FP Boscoe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boscoe FP, Liu B, Lee F. A comparison of two neighborhood-level socioeconomic indexes in the United States. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2021;37: 100412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sste.2021.100412.","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol"},{"key":"1072_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxae161","volume":"2","author":"J Robst","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robst J, Cogburn R, Forlines G, Frazier L, Kautter J. The development of the community deprivation index and its application to accountable care organizations. Health Aff Sch. 2024;2:qxae161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/haschl\/qxae161.","journal-title":"Health Aff Sch"},{"key":"1072_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221090262","volume":"137","author":"A Wolkin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wolkin A, Collier S, House JS, Reif D, Motsinger-Reif A, Duca L, et al. Comparison of national vulnerability indices used by the centers for disease control and prevention for the COVID-19 response. Public Health Reports\u00ae. 2022;137:803\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549221090262.","journal-title":"Public Health Reports\u00ae"},{"key":"1072_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307018","volume":"112","author":"R Tipirneni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tipirneni R, Schmidt H, Lantz PM, Karmakar M. Associations of 4 geographic social vulnerability indices With US COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Am J Public Health. 2022;112:1584\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307018.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1072_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2023.102997","volume":"80","author":"S Lou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lou S, Giorgi S, Liu T, Eichstaedt JC, Curtis B. Measuring disadvantage: a systematic comparison of United States small-area disadvantage indices. Health Place. 2023;80: 102997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2023.102997.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1072_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14102","volume":"58","author":"L Saulsberry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saulsberry L, Bhargava A, Zeng S, Gibbons JB, Brannan C, Lauderdale DS, et al. The social vulnerability metric (SVM) as a new tool for public health. Health Serv Res. 2023;58:873\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.14102.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1072_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2200244","volume":"386","author":"I Jatoi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jatoi I, Sung H, Jemal A, Massachusetts Medical Society. The emergence of the Racial Disparity in U.S. breast-cancer mortality. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:2349\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2200244.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1072_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x","volume":"83","author":"LC Messer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Messer LC, Laraia BA, Kaufman JS, Eyster J, Holzman C, Culhane J, Elo I, Burke JG, O\u2019campo P. The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index. J Urban Health. 2006;83(6):1041\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1072_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1011240019516","volume":"12","author":"K Yost","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yost K, Perkins C, Cohen R, Morris C, Wright W. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race\/ethnic groups. Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12:703\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1011240019516.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"1072_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205728","volume":"69","author":"JM Feldman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feldman JM, Waterman PD, Coull BA, Krieger N, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Spatial social polarisation: using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes jointly for income and race\/ethnicity to analyse risk of hypertension. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:1199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2015-205728.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1072_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-25-0011","volume":"34","author":"MR Dunn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dunn MR, Niu H, Li D, Emerson MA, Thompson CA, Nichols HB, et al. Applying a novel measure of community-level healthcare access to assess breast cancer care timeliness. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2025;34(7):1199\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-25-0011.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"1072_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300643","volume":"102","author":"BD Smedley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smedley BD, American Public Health Association. The lived experience of race and its health consequences. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:933\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300643.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1072_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12609-020-00365-0","volume":"12","author":"MA Emerson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emerson MA, Reeder-Hayes KE, Tipaldos HJ, Bell ME, Sweeney MR, Carey LA, et al. Integrating biology and access to care in addressing breast cancer disparities: 25 years\u2019 research experience in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Curr Breast Cancer Rep. 2020;12:149\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12609-020-00365-0.","journal-title":"Curr Breast Cancer Rep"},{"key":"1072_CR26","unstructured":"Buller ID. ndi: Neighborhood Deprivation Indices. v0.1.5. [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 19]. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=ndi. Accessed 19 Jan 2024."},{"key":"1072_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17322","volume":"313","author":"J Iqbal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iqbal J, Ginsburg O, Rochon PA, Sun P, Narod SA. Differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and cancer-specific survival by race and ethnicity in the United States. JAMA. 2015;313:165\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.17322.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1072_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2304-1","volume":"136","author":"ET Warner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warner ET, Tamimi RM, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, Wong Y-N, Edge SB, et al. Time to diagnosis and breast cancer stage by race\/ethnicity. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;136:813\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10549-012-2304-1.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"1072_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-023-01833-5","author":"MR Dunn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dunn MR, Metwally EM, Vohra S, Hyslop T, Henderson LM, Reeder-Hayes K, et al. Understanding mechanisms of racial disparities in breast cancer: an assessment of screening and regular care in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-023-01833-5.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"1072_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.16499","volume":"7","author":"LE Barber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barber LE, Maliniak ML, Moubadder L, Johnson DA, Miller-Kleinhenz JM, Switchenko JM, et al. Neighborhood deprivation and breast cancer mortality among Black and White women. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2416499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.16499.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1072_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxad063","volume":"1","author":"S Petterson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petterson S. Deciphering the neighborhood atlas area deprivation index: the consequences of not standardizing. Health Aff Sch. 2023;1:qxad063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/haschl\/qxad063.","journal-title":"Health Aff Sch"},{"key":"1072_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.93.10.1655","volume":"93","author":"N Krieger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Rehkopf DH, Subramanian SV. Race\/ethnicity, gender, and monitoring socioeconomic gradients in health: a comparison of area-based socioeconomic measures - the public health disparities geocoding project. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1655\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.93.10.1655.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1072_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.01406","volume":"42","author":"EL Hannan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hannan EL, Wu Y, Cozzens K, Anderson B. The neighborhood atlas area deprivation index for measuring socioeconomic status: an overemphasis on home value. Health Aff. 2023;42:702\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.01406.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"1072_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1068\/a32130","volume":"32","author":"D Martin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Martin D, Brigham P, Roderick P, Barnett S, Diamond I, SAGE Publications Ltd. The (mis)representation of rural deprivation. Environ Plann A. 2000;32:735\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/a32130.","journal-title":"Environ Plann A"},{"key":"1072_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-22","volume":"13","author":"M Bertin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bertin M, Chevrier C, Pel\u00e9 F, Serrano-Chavez T, Cordier S, Viel J-F. Can a deprivation index be used legitimately over both urban and rural areas? Int J Health Geogr. 2014;13: 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072X-13-22.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"1072_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-21","volume":"12","author":"C Bennette","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bennette C, Vickers A. Against quantiles: categorization of continuous variables in epidemiologic research, and its discontents. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12: 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-12-21.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1072_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420930932","volume":"46","author":"BE Weller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weller BE, Bowen NK, Faubert SJ, SAGE Publications Inc. Latent class analysis: a guide to best practice. J Black Psychol. 2020;46:287\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095798420930932.","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"key":"1072_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0711-4","volume":"27","author":"A Palumbo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palumbo A, Michael Y, Hyslop T. Latent class model characterization of neighborhood socioeconomic status. Cancer Causes Control. 2016;27:445\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-015-0711-4.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"1072_CR39","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. Glossary [Internet]. Census.gov. [cited 2025 Feb 3]. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/geography\/about\/glossary.html. Accessed 3 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1072_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-020-00244-x","volume":"19","author":"JL Moss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moss JL, Johnson NJ, Yu M, Altekruse SF, Cronin KA. Comparisons of individual- and area-level socioeconomic status as proxies for individual-level measures: evidence from the mortality disparities in American communities study. Popul Health Metr. 2021;19:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12963-020-00244-x.","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"key":"1072_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.11.002","volume":"46","author":"SE Spielman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spielman SE, Folch D, Nagle N. Patterns and causes of uncertainty in the American Community Survey. Appl Geogr. 2014;46:147\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.11.002.","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01072-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01072-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01072-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:32:44Z","timestamp":1780493564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01072-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-026-01072-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-3460","1468-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-3460","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}