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This study describes a novel application of group model building\u2014a process that centers stakeholder voices to describe a complex problem\u2014to investigate drivers of gun violence and design community-led interventions for prevention in New Haven, Connecticut. We recruited community leaders to participate in 2 group model building sessions in New Haven. Discussions and diagrams created during the sessions were used to produce a causal loop diagram illustrating proposed relationships between gun violence and other variables. Our resulting \u201ciceberg model\u201d illustrates how short-term and visible responses to gun violence \u201cabove the surface,\u201d such as incarceration and policing, may only transiently decrease gun violence. Long-term, downstream effects of \u201cabove the surface\u201d responses may ultimately increase gun violence and are summarized in 3 layers \u201cunder the surface,\u201d which examine the effects of incarceration and lack of re-entry support, vulnerability to stress and social stigmatization, and community-police relations and community safety, respectively. This study demonstrates the value of using group model building to design community-driven interventions for gun violence prevention, as well as reiterates the importance of targeting structural causes of gun violence. This work has informed TRUE HAVEN, a multi-level intervention that addresses community gun violence in New Haven.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-026-01123-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:16:29Z","timestamp":1786990589000},"page":"1034-1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Immediate Responses: A Systems Map of Community Factors Underlying Persistent Gun Violence in New Haven"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6249-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Hasgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia T.","family":"Spell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Thornhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran E.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S.","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brita","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1123_CR1","unstructured":"National Vital Statistics Sytem - Mortality Data (2022). 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