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This seasonal slump may be partly attributed to uncomfortable heat conditions. We examined how summer temperatures associate with children\u2019s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior outdoors and indoors in a warm urban climate. Children ages 9\u201310 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925) in Austin, Texas, wore wGT3X-BT accelerometers and GPS devices for seven days in summer of 2023. Accelerometers recorded activity counts and ambient light levels in 15-s epochs, allowing classification of activity intensity using Evenson cut points and identification of indoor versus outdoor time. Air temperature and relative humidity data originated from a nearby weather station. To test how temperatures associated with physical activity and sedentary behavior, we fit two-level, cross-classified, mixed-effects negative binomial regression models with 15-s observations nested within child and date. During study days, waking-hour temperatures averaged 36.3 \u00b0C (97 \u00b0F). Children averaged 36 min of MVPA daily (4 min outdoors, 32 min indoors) and spent 55% of waking hours sedentary indoors. Higher temperatures were associated with lower MVPA outdoors (RR\u2009=\u20090.79, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.72\u20130.87) and indoors (RR\u2009=\u20090.92, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.89\u20130.95), and higher sedentary behavior indoors (RR\u2009=\u20091.02, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.01\u20131.02). Models with heat index instead of air temperature produced similar estimates. Findings suggest that heat may constrain children\u2019s healthy movement behaviors. With projected future urban warming, heat-safe physical activity interventions may become increasingly important for children\u2019s health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-026-01177-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:34:41Z","timestamp":1791578081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Summer Heat, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behavior of Children Outdoors and Indoors in an Urban Setting"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Lanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perry E.","family":"Sheffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gimeno Ruiz de Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Salvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Gohlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1177_CR1","unstructured":"Physical Activity Alliance. 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