{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:10:38Z","timestamp":1786727438480,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull Math Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-014-9955-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T15:48:32Z","timestamp":1398872912000},"page":"1270-1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Hypothalamus\u2013Pituitary\u2013Thyroid Feedback Control: Implications of Mathematical Modeling and Consequences for Thyrotropin (TSH) and Free Thyroxine (FT4) Reference Ranges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Simon L.","family":"Goede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin Khee-Shing","family":"Leow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan W. A.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald H.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes W.","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"9955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen S, Pedersen KM, Bruun NH, Laurberg P (2002) Narrow individual variations in serum T(4) and T(3) in normal subjects: A clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1068\u20131072","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8165"},{"key":"9955_CR2","unstructured":"Astr\u00f6m K, Murray RM (2009) Feed back systems (Chapter 3, pp. 73, 102, 275, 322). Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"key":"9955_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503321086962","volume":"13","author":"Z Baloch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baloch, Z., Carayon, P., Conte-Devolx, B., Demers, L. M., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Henry, J. F., et al. (2003). Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Thyroid, 13, 3\u2013126.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"9955_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2007.10.009","volume":"212","author":"M Degon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Degon, M., Chipkin, S. R., Hollot, C. V., Zoeller, R. T., & Chait, Y. (2008). A computational model of the human thyroid. Math Biosci, 212, 22\u201353.","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"9955_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1035","volume":"15","author":"RA Dickey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dickey, R. A., Wartofsky, L., & Feld, S. (2005). Optimal thyrotropin level: normal ranges and reference intervals are not equivalent. Thyroid, 15, 1035\u20131039.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"9955_CR6","volume-title":"Der Hypophysen-Schilddr\u00fcsen-Regelkreis","author":"JW Dietrich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dietrich, J. W. (2002). Der Hypophysen-Schilddr\u00fcsen-Regelkreis. Logos-Verlag: Entwicklung und klinische Anwendung eines nichtlinearen modells. Berlin."},{"key":"9955_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/01969720490443354","volume":"35","author":"JW Dietrich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dietrich, J. W., Tesche, A., Pickardt, C. R., & Mitzdorf, U. (2004). Thyrotropic feedback control: Evidence for an additional ultrashort feedback loop from fractal analysis. Cybernet Syst, 35, 315\u2013331.","journal-title":"Cybernet Syst"},{"key":"9955_CR8","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Cybernetics and systems","author":"JW Dietrich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dietrich, J. W., & Boehm, B. O. (2006). Equilibrium behaviour of feedback-coupled physiological saturation kinetics. In R. Trappl (Ed.), Cybernetics and systems (pp. 269\u2013274). Vienna: Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies."},{"key":"9955_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0388","volume":"18","author":"M Eisenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eisenberg, M., Samuels, M., & DiStefano, J. J, 3rd. (2008). Extensions, validation, and clinical applications of a feedback control system simulator of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. Thyroid, 18, 1071\u20131085.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"9955_CR10","unstructured":"Goede SL, Leow MK (2013) General error analysis in the relationship between free thyroxine and thyrotropin and its clinical relevance. Comput Math Methods Med. Article ID 831275."},{"key":"9955_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goede, S. L., Leow, M. K., Smit, J. W. A., & Dietrich, J. W. (2014). A novel minimal mathematical model of the hypothalamus- pituitary-thyroid axis validated for individualized clinical applications. Math Biosci. doi: 10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.01.001 .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.01.001"},{"key":"9955_CR12","unstructured":"Johansen J (2009) Graph 4.3. A graphical tool. http:\/\/www.padowan.dk\/graph\/"},{"key":"9955_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.13","volume":"7","author":"P Laurberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laurberg, P., Andersen, S., Carle, A., Karmisholt, J., Knudsen, N., & Pedersen, I. B. (2011). The TSH upper reference limit: where are we at? Nat Rev Endocrinol, 7, 232\u2013239.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"9955_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.05.016","volume":"248","author":"MK Leow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leow, M. K. (2007). A mathematical model of pituitary-thyroid interaction to provide an insight into the nature of the thyrotropin-thyroid hormone relationship. J Theor Biol, 248, 275\u2013287.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"9955_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(94)01484-O","volume":"35","author":"G Li","year":"1995","unstructured":"Li, G., Liu, B., & Liu, Y. (1995). A dynamical model of the pulsatile secretion of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. Biosystems, 35, 83\u201392.","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"9955_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02498768","volume":"27","author":"KH Norwich","year":"1965","unstructured":"Norwich, K. H., & Reiter, R. (1965). Homeostatic control of thyroxin concentration expressed by a set of linear differential equations. Bull Math Biophys, 27, 133\u2013144.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biophys"},{"key":"9955_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandiyan, B., Merril, S. J., & Benvenga, S. (2013). A patient-specific model of the negative-feedback control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in autoimmune (Hashimoto\u2019s) thyroiditis. Math Med Biol. doi: 10.1093\/imammb\/dqt005 .","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/dqt005"},{"key":"9955_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"00","author":"P Saravanan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saravanan, P., Siddique, H., Simmons, D. J., Greenwood, R., & Dayan, C. M. (2007). Twenty-four hour hormone profiles of TSH, free T3 and free T4 in hypothyroid patients on combined T3 \/T4 therapy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 00, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"9955_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4236","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0287","volume":"92","author":"CA Spencer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spencer, C. A., Hollowell, J. G., Kazarosyan, M., & Braverman, L. E. (2007). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-thyroperoxidase antibody relationships demonstrate that TSH upper reference limits may be skewed by occult thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 4236\u20134240.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"9955_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0170","volume":"90","author":"MI Surks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Surks, M. I., Gayotri, G., & Daniels, G. H. (2005). Controversy in clinical endocrinology the thyrotropin reference range should remain unchanged. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90(9), 5489\u20135496.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9955_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x","volume":"43","author":"MP Vanderpump","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vanderpump, M. P., Tunbridge, W. M., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., et al. (1995). The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: A twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol, 43, 55\u201368.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"9955_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.20","volume":"7","author":"G Vassart","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vassart, G., & Costagliola, S. (2011). G protein-coupled receptors: Mutations and endocrine diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 7, 362\u2013372.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"9955_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02255","volume":"155","author":"P Vejbjerg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vejbjerg, P., Knudsen, N., Perrild, H., Laurberg, P., Pedersen, I. B., Rasmussen, L. B., et al. (2006). The association between hypoechogenicity or irregular echo pattern at thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function in the general population. Eur J Endocrinol\/Eur Fed Endocrine Soc, 155, 547\u2013552.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol\/Eur Fed Endocrine Soc"},{"key":"9955_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000228778.95752.66","volume":"61","author":"L Wartofsky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wartofsky, L., Van Nostrand, D., & Burman, K. D. (2006). Overt and \u2018subclinical\u2019 hypothyroidism in women. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 61, 535\u2013542.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of Mathematical Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11538-014-9955-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11538-014-9955-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11538-014-9955-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T12:21:35Z","timestamp":1559391695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11538-014-9955-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11538-014-9955-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0092-8240","1522-9602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0092-8240","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-9602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}}}