{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:52:31Z","timestamp":1791928351361,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNCE\/24\/MED\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNCE\/24\/MED\/008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012825","name":"International Visegrad Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62410163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62410163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007088","name":"Uniwersytet Jagiello\u0144ski w Krakowie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull Math Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding how antiviral compounds modulate infection dynamics is essential for the assessment and optimization of therapeutic candidates. Here, we combined mechanistic modeling with\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experimental data to quantify the antiviral efficacy of PB28, a high-affinity sigma receptor ligand, against SARS-CoV-2 infection in A549-ACE2 cells. Viral load measurements from both time-course and end-point assays across multiple PB28 concentrations were used to calibrate a viral dynamics model incorporating a Hill-type inhibitory function. This approach enabled the estimation of key viral life-cycle parameters \u2013 including infection rate, latent and infectious phase durations, and virus production rate \u2013 alongside parameters characterizing the action of PB28. Despite relying on minimal experimental input, characteristic of early-stage drug repurposing screens, the model provided accurate fits and robust parameter estimates. Our analysis shows that PB28 reduces viral production in a concentration-dependent manner with near-linear cooperativity and demonstrates how time-resolved modeling facilitates\n                    <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                    inference of an apparent, time-dependent\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\text {IC}_{50}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mtext>IC<\/mml:mtext>\n                            <mml:mn>50<\/mml:mn>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . Notably, estimates of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\text {IC}_{50}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mtext>IC<\/mml:mtext>\n                            <mml:mn>50<\/mml:mn>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    from time-resolved infections were approximately twofold higher than those obtained from end-point assays. Overall, these results demonstrate that dynamic modeling facilitates more targeted characterization of pharmacodynamic parameters, including\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\text {IC}_{50}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mtext>IC<\/mml:mtext>\n                            <mml:mn>50<\/mml:mn>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-026-01642-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T11:44:11Z","timestamp":1779536651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Analysis and Dynamic Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Inhibition by Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist PB28"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Bartek","family":"Lisowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"V. Rezelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vignuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5595-4579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Bernhauerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"589","key":"1642_CR1","first-page":"810","volume":"11","author":"C Abate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abate C, Niso M, Abatematteo FS, Contino M, Colabufo NA, Berardi F (2020) PB28, the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors modulator with potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity: A review about its pharmacological properties and structure affinity relationships. Front Pharmacol 11(589):810","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39662-w","volume":"13","author":"FS Abatematteo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abatematteo FS, Delre P, Mercurio I, Rezelj VV, Siliqi D, Beaucourt S, Lattanzi G, Colabufo NA, Leopoldo M, Saviano M et al (2023) A conformational rearrangement of the SARS-CoV-2 host protein sigma-1 is required for antiviral activity: insights from a combined in-silico\/in-vitro approach. Sci Rep 13(1):12798","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"1642_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01623-05","volume":"80","author":"P Baccam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baccam P, Beauchemin C, Macken CA, Hayden FG, Perelson AS (2006) Kinetics of influenza A virus infection in humans. J Virol 80(15):7590\u20137599","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23328-0","volume":"12","author":"MA Bakowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bakowski MA, Beutler N, Wolff KC, Kirkpatrick MG, Chen E, Nguyen TTH, Riva L, Shaabani N, Parren M, Ricketts J et al (2021) Drug repurposing screens identify chemical entities for the development of COVID-19 interventions. Nat Commun 12(1):3309","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1642_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214,708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214708","volume":"14","author":"CA Beauchemin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchemin CA, Kim YI, Yu Q, Ciaramella G, DeVincenzo JP (2019) Uncovering critical properties of the human respiratory syncytial virus by combining in vitro assays and in silico analyses. PLoS ONE 14(4):e0214,708","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050547","volume":"12","author":"V Bernhauerov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernhauerov\u00e1 V, Rezelj VV, Vignuzzi M (2020) Modelling degradation and replication kinetics of the Zika virus in vitro infection. Viruses 12(5):547","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"110","key":"1642_CR7","first-page":"895","volume":"531","author":"V Bernhauerov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bernhauerov\u00e1 V, Lisowski B, Rezelj VV, Vignuzzi M (2021) Mathematical modelling of SARS-CoV-2 infection of human and animal host cells reveals differences in the infection rates and delays in viral particle production by infected cells. J Theor Biol 531(110):895","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1642_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2021.1952987","volume":"25","author":"JM Brimson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brimson JM, Prasanth MI, Malar DS, Brimson S, Thitilertdecha P, Tencomnao T (2021) Drugs that offer the potential to reduce hospitalization and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection: The possible role of the sigma-1 receptor and autophagy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 25(6):435\u2013449","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"issue":"704","key":"1642_CR9","first-page":"205","volume":"12","author":"C Chakraborty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Agoramoorthy G, Lee SS (2021) The drug repurposing for COVID-19 clinical trials provide very effective therapeutic combinations: lessons learned from major clinical studies. Front Pharmacol 12(704):205","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1642_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consortium WST (2021) Repurposed antiviral drugs for Covid-19-interim WHO solidarity trial results. N Engl J Med 384(6):497\u2013511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023184"},{"issue":"6","key":"1642_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061409","volume":"13","author":"N Drewes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Drewes N, Fang X, Gupta N, Nie D (2025) Pharmacological and Pathological Implications of Sigma-1 Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 13(6):1409","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"925","key":"1642_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1086\/670067","volume":"125","author":"D Foreman-Mackey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foreman-Mackey D, Hogg DW, Lang D, Goodman J (2013) emcee: the MCMC hammer. Publ Astron Soc Pac 125(925):306","journal-title":"Publ Astron Soc Pac"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2140\/camcos.2010.5.65","volume":"5","author":"J Goodman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goodman J, Weare J (2010) Ensemble samplers with affine invariance. Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science 5(1):65\u201380","journal-title":"Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science"},{"issue":"7816","key":"1642_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","volume":"583","author":"DE Gordon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gordon DE, Jang GM, Bouhaddou M, Xu J, Obernier K, White KM, O\u2019Meara MJ, Rezelj VV, Guo JZ, Swaney DL et al (2020) A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature 583(7816):459\u2013468","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6493","key":"1642_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb9332","volume":"368","author":"RK Guy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guy RK, DiPaola RS, Romanelli F, Dutch RE (2020) Rapid repurposing of drugs for COVID-19. Science 368(6493):829\u2013830","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1642_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han N, Hwang W, Tzelepis K, Schmerer P, Yankova E, MacMahon M, Lei W, M\u00a0Katritsis N, Liu A, Felgenhauer U, et\u00a0al (2021) Identification of SARS-CoV-2\u2013induced pathways reveals drug repurposing strategies. Science Advances 7(27):eabh3032","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh3032"},{"key":"1642_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyer A, G\u00fcnther T, Robitaille A, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Addo MM, Jarczak D, Kluge S, Aepfelbacher M, Zur\u00a0Wiesch JS, Fischer N, et\u00a0al (2022) Remdesivir-induced emergence of SARS-CoV2 variants in patients with prolonged infection. Cell Reports Medicine 3(9)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100735"},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-019-01412-w","volume":"79","author":"PJ Hurtado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hurtado PJ, Kirosingh AS (2019) Generalizations of the \u2018Linear Chain Trick\u2019: incorporating more flexible dwell time distributions into mean field ODE models. J Math Biol 79(5):1831\u20131883","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"1642_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzo NJ, Colom-Cadena M, Riad AA, Xu J, Singh M, Abate C, Cahill MA, Spires-Jones TL, Bowen WD, Mach RH, et\u00a0al (2020) Proceedings from the fourth international symposium on $$\\sigma $$-2 receptors: Role in health and disease. Eneuro 7(6)","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0317-20.2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10,371","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10371","volume":"5","author":"Y Kakizoe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kakizoe Y, Nakaoka S, Beauchemin CA, Morita S, Mori H, Igarashi T, Aihara K, Miura T, Iwami S (2015) A method to determine the duration of the eclipse phase for in vitro infection with a highly pathogenic SHIV strain. Sci Rep 5(1):10,371","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.162","volume":"17","author":"SH Kaufmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaufmann SH, Dorhoi A, Hotchkiss RS, Bartenschlager R (2018) Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 17(1):35\u201356","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"8","key":"1642_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057109336751","volume":"14","author":"BF Krippendorff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krippendorff BF, Neuhaus R, Lienau P, Reichel A, Huisinga W (2009) Mechanism-based inhibition: deriving KI and kinact directly from time-dependent IC50 values. SLAS Discovery 14(8):913\u2013923","journal-title":"SLAS Discovery"},{"issue":"8058","key":"1642_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08773-x","volume":"640","author":"M Laporte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Laporte M, Jochmans D, Bardiot D, Desmarets L, Debski-Antoniak OJ, Mizzon G, Abdelnabi R, Leyssen P, Chiu W, Zhang Z et al (2025) A coronavirus assembly inhibitor that targets the viral membrane protein. Nature 640(8058):514\u2013523","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"1642_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00672-y","volume":"22","author":"G Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li G, Hilgenfeld R, Whitley R, De Clercq E (2023) Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 22(6):449\u2013475","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"1642_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang Y, Quan X, Gu R, Meng Z, Gan H, Wu Z, Sun Y, Pan H, Han P, Liu S, et\u00a0al (2024) Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19\/SARS-CoV-2: A review of pharmacological effects and mechanism of action. Heliyon 10(16)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35988"},{"issue":"10","key":"1642_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7394","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2024325","volume":"21","author":"YR Liyanage","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liyanage YR, Heitzman-Breen N, Tuncer N, Ciupe SM (2024) Identifiability investigation of within-host models of acute virus infection. Math Biosci Eng 21(10):7394\u20137420","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"1642_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00878-2","volume":"21","author":"PV Markov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Markov PV, Ghafari M, Beer M, Lythgoe K, Simmonds P, Stilianakis NI, Katzourakis A (2023) The evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Microbiol 21(6):361\u2013379","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1642_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00384","volume":"61","author":"H Mslati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mslati H, Gentile F, Perez C, Cherkasov A (2021) Comprehensive consensus analysis of SARS-CoV-2 drug repurposing campaigns. J Chem Inf Model 61(8):3771\u20133788","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233,031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233031","volume":"15","author":"H Murphy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murphy H, McCarthy G, Dobrovolny HM (2020) Understanding the effect of measurement time on drug characterization. PLoS ONE 15(5):e0233,031","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1642_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrov DA, Bluhm AP, Li D, Khan JQ, Rohamare M, Rajamanickam K, Bhanumathy K, K, Lew J, Falzarano D, Vizeacoumar FJ, et al (2021) Highly specific sigma receptor ligands exhibit anti-viral properties in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Pathogens 10(11):1514","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111514"},{"issue":"6575","key":"1642_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4784","volume":"374","author":"DR Owen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Owen DR, Allerton CM, Anderson AS, Aschenbrenner L, Avery M, Berritt S, Boras B, Cardin RD, Carlo A, Coffman KJ et al (2021) An oral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19. Science 374(6575):1586\u20131593","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1642_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126,115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126115","volume":"10","author":"EG Paradis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paradis EG, Pinilla LT, Holder BP, Abed Y, Boivin G, Beauchemin CA (2015) Impact of the H275Y and I223V mutations in the neuraminidase of the 2009 pandemic influenza virus in vitro and evaluating experimental reproducibility. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0126,115","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"19","key":"1642_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10651","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07244-11","volume":"86","author":"LT Pinilla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pinilla LT, Holder BP, Abed Y, Boivin G, Beauchemin CA (2012) The H275Y neuraminidase mutation of the pandemic A\/H1N1 influenza virus lengthens the eclipse phase and reduces viral output of infected cells, potentially compromising fitness in ferrets. J Virol 86(19):10651\u201310660","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1642_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020247","volume":"17","author":"M S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edez","year":"2025","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edez M, Romero-Jim\u00e9nez P, Alegr\u00eda-Aravena N, Gavira-O\u2019Neill C, Vicente-Garc\u00eda E, Quiroz-Troncoso J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Martos R, Ram\u00edrez-Castillejo C, Pastor J (2025) Assessment of cell viability in drug therapy: IC50 and other new time-independent indices for evaluating chemotherapy efficacy. Pharmaceutics 17(2):247","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1642_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02842-x","volume":"11","author":"A Sauvat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sauvat A, Ciccosanti F, Colavita F, Di Rienzo M, Castilletti C, Capobianchi MR, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Fimia GM, Piacentini M et al (2020) On-target versus off-target effects of drugs inhibiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Death & Disease 11(8):656","journal-title":"Cell Death & Disease"},{"issue":"106","key":"1642_CR36","first-page":"101","volume":"235","author":"A Schreiber","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schreiber A, Ludwig S (2025) Host-targeted antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in clinical development-Prospect or disappointment? Antiviral Res 235(106):101","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"1537","key":"1642_CR37","first-page":"912","volume":"16","author":"M Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh M, Shanmukha S, Eldesouki RE, Harraz MM (2025) FDA-approved drug repurposing screen identifies inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry. Front Pharmacol 16(1537):912","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1636","key":"1642_CR38","first-page":"035","volume":"16","author":"G Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song G, Cheng L, Li D, Cheng J, Chao S, Li X, Zhu R, Zhang C, Li J (2025) Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the sigma-1 receptor antagonist PB28 against coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 16(1636):035","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"e14","key":"1642_CR39","first-page":"828","volume":"11","author":"V Staroverov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Staroverov V, Nersisyan S, Galatenko A, Alekseev D, Lukashevich S, Polyakov F, Anisimov N, Tonevitsky A (2023) Development of a novel mathematical model that explains SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in Caco-2 cells. PeerJ 11(e14):828","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"e16","key":"1642_CR40","first-page":"964","volume":"12","author":"V Staroverov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Staroverov V, Galatenko A, Knyazev E, Tonevitsky A (2024) Mathematical model explains differences in Omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in Caco-2 and Calu-3 cells. PeerJ 12(e16):964","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1642_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01857","volume":"11","author":"SL Teoh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teoh SL, Lim YH, Lai NM, Lee SW (2020) Directly acting antivirals for COVID-19: Where do we stand? Front Microbiol 11:1857","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1642_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07690-7","volume":"12","author":"R Utama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Utama R, Hapsari R, Puspitasari I, Sari D, Hendrianingtyas M, Nurainy N (2022) Self-collected gargle specimen as a patient-friendly sample collection method for COVID-19 diagnosis in a population context. Sci Rep 12(1):3706","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7594","key":"1642_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180","volume":"531","author":"TK Warren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warren TK, Jordan R, Lo MK, Ray AS, Mackman RL, Soloveva V, Siegel D, Perron M, Bannister R, Hui HC et al (2016) Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys. Nature 531(7594):381\u2013385","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"1642_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00,754","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00754-24","volume":"98","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Jiang Q, Liu Z, Li N, Hao Z, Song G, Li D, Chen M, Lin L, Liu Y et al (2024) SARS-CoV-2 NSP6 reduces autophagosome size and affects viral replication via sigma-1 receptor. J Virol 98(11):e00,754-24","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1642_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00725","volume":"11","author":"C Zitzmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zitzmann C, Schmid B, Ruggieri A, Perelson AS, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Kaderali L (2020) A coupled mathematical model of the intracellular replication of dengue virus and the host cell immune response to infection. Front Microbiol 11:725","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of Mathematical Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11538-026-01642-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11538-026-01642-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11538-026-01642-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:53:23Z","timestamp":1781621603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11538-026-01642-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11538-026-01642-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0092-8240","1522-9602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0092-8240","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-9602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experimental data presented in Figure\u00a0\n                      \n                      and all Python files and metadata used to generate the figures are available for download at\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}}],"article-number":"96"}}