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Computed tomography urography (CTU) with at least an unenhanced scan, and the parenchymal and excretory phases after contrast medium administration performed at our Teaching Hospital were included. When available images related to conventional radiography, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging of the same patients, the comparison with CTU images was carried out.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A possible diagnosis of XGP or EPN must always be taken into account when a pyelonephritis is associated with untreated kidney stones, especially whenever clinical presentation is atypical, current therapy is not effective and imaging shows features of dubious interpretation. Due to their rarity and atypical presentation, a multidisciplinary approach is required and an expert radiologist represents a key figure in the multidisciplinary team as he can help to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions and thus avoid unnecessary radical surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-020-01315-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T15:02:31Z","timestamp":1606489351000},"page":"505-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Complicated pyelonephritis associated with chronic renal stone disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Ciccarese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beniamino","family":"Corcioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Golfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Gaudiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"28","key":"1315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9841","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709652105","volume":"105","author":"TH Brikowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brikowski TH, Lotan Y, Pearle MS (2008) Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the United States. 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