{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:19:18Z","timestamp":1787980758325,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Disc herniation (DH) is a common cause of spinal pain and radiculopathy. While most patients improve with conservative treatment, cases with persistent symptoms may require further intervention. In this context, interventional radiology (IR) offers image-guided, percutaneous techniques as a minimally invasive therapeutic option in the stepwise management of DH. This narrative review, conducted in accordance with SANRA principles, analyses the diagnostic and therapeutic role of IR in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar DH. A structured literature search was performed in PubMed\/MEDLINE and Scopus to identify studies evaluating mechanical, thermal, chemical, and regenerative approaches. Reported outcomes included pain relief, functional recovery, complication rates, and need for reintervention. Evidence suggests that percutaneous intradiscal procedures may achieve meaningful short- and medium-term clinical improvement in carefully selected patients with contained herniations and clinicoradiological concordance. These techniques are associated with reduced invasiveness, shorter recovery times, and lower complication rates when performed by experienced practitioners. Imaging plays a central role in diagnosis, patient selection, procedural planning, as well as technical accuracy and safety. Nonetheless, current evidence remains heterogeneous and largely based on observational studies, with limited long-term comparative data. Further multicentre prospective trials and standardized outcome reporting are required to better define indications and lasting effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-026-02236-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:39:53Z","timestamp":1781523593000},"page":"1382-1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interventional radiology management of disc herniation: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Salvatore Alessio","family":"Angileri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Carriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Plat\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Perazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Girlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatello","family":"Berloco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Franzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe Yeabin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Maria","family":"Rod\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Grillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluca","family":"Torcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Biondetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Ierardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Carrafiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-021-01336-w","volume":"126","author":"M Pandolfi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pandolfi M, Galli F, Borelli A, Gurgitano M, Liguori A, Carrafiello G (2021) Percutaneous cervical coblation as therapeutic technique in the treatment of algo-dysfunctional pain of discal herniation. Radiol Med 126(6):860\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-021-01336-w","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"2236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47908","author":"AM Awadalla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awadalla AM et al (2023) Management of lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.47908","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2236_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rauch M. and Hattingen E. (2025) Interventional pain treatment in radiology: an overview of practical approaches. Elsevier Inc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag.2025.110530.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2025.110530"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR4","first-page":"139","volume":"9","author":"V Singh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singh V, Derby R (2006) Percutaneous lumbar disc decompression. Pain Physician 9(2):139\u2013146","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sabnis A. and Diwan A. (2014) \u201cThe timing of surgery in lumbar disc prolapse: A systematic review,\u201d https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5413.128740.","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.128740"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2422-9","volume":"21","author":"WCH Jacobs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobs WCH et al (2012) Surgical techniques for sciatica due to herniated disc, a systematic review. Eur Spine J 21(11):2232\u20132251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-012-2422-9","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.24265","author":"A Fletcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fletcher A et al (2021) \u201cThe pain crisis: interventional radiology\u2019s role in pain management. Am Roentgen Ray Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.20.24265","journal-title":"Am Roentgen Ray Soc"},{"key":"2236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.04.022","author":"DF Fardon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ, Murtagh FR, Gabriel Rothman SL, Sze GK (2014) Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0. Spine J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.04.022","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"U. Giuseppe Longo Vincenzo Denaro, Textbook of musculoskeletal disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-20987-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20987-1"},{"key":"2236_CR10","unstructured":"G. David, A. V Ciurea, S. M. Iencean, and A. Mohan, Angiogenesis in the degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral disc. PMID: 20968201"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.10.023","volume":"11","author":"CM Bono","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bono CM et al (2011) An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. Spine Journal 11(1):64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.10.023","journal-title":"Spine Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.2.325","volume":"117","author":"K Radhakrishnan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O\u2019Fallon WM, Kurland LT (1994) Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. Brain 117(2):325\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/117.2.325","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2022.2092266","volume":"31","author":"A Fourr\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fourr\u00e9 A et al (2023) Low-back related leg pain: is the nerve guilty? how to differentiate the underlying pain mechanism. J Man Manip Ther 31(2):57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10669817.2022.2092266","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"2236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z. I. Johnson, Z. R. Schoepflin, H. Choi, I. M. Shapiro, and M. V Risbud, Disc in Flames: Roles of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22203\/ecm.v030a08","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v030a08"},{"key":"2236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Xia et al., 2024 Progress in the study of molecular mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration. Elsevier Masson s.r.l. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116593"},{"key":"2236_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Biyani and G. B. J. Andersson, 2024 Low Back Pain: Pathophysiology and Management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 12(2):106\u2013115","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200403000-00006"},{"issue":"21","key":"2236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6907","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216907","volume":"12","author":"R Jha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jha R et al (2023) Updates on pathophysiology of discogenic back pain. J Clin Med 12(21):6907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12216907","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2236_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010208","author":"IL Mohd Isa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohd Isa IL, Teoh SL, Mohd Nor NH, Mokhtar SA (2023) Discogenic low back pain: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatments of intervertebral disc degeneration. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010208","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v56i3.542","volume":"56","author":"T Wallner-Schlotfeldt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wallner-Schlotfeldt T (2000) Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. South Afr J Physiother 56(3):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajp.v56i3.542","journal-title":"South Afr J Physiother"},{"key":"2236_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Akhaddar, Atlas of Sciatica. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-44984-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44984-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1549-6","volume":"18","author":"T Petersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petersen T, Laslett M, Juhl C (2017) Clinical classification in low back pain: best-evidence diagnostic rules based on systematic reviews. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18(1):188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-017-1549-6","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0820-9","volume":"18","author":"J Walraevens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walraevens J, Liu B, Vander Sloten J, Goffin J (2009) Qualitative and quantitative assessment of degeneration of cervical intervertebral discs and facet joints\u201d. Eur Spine J 18(3):358\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-008-0820-9","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"20","key":"2236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13203190","volume":"13","author":"T \u00c7etin","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7etin T, Kahraman S, K\u0131z\u0131lg\u00f6z V, Ayd\u0131n S (2023) The comparison between herniated and non-herniated disc levels regarding intervertebral disc space height and disc degeneration, a magnetic resonance study. Diagnostics 13(20):3190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13203190","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2236_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-2022-04","volume":"12","author":"F Ruiz Santiago","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiz Santiago F, L\u00e1inez Ramos-Bossini AJ, W\u00e1ng YXJ, Mart\u00ednez Barbero JP, Espinosa JG, Mart\u00ednez Mart\u00ednez A (2022) The value of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in the study of spinal disorders. Quant Imaging Med Surg 12(7):3947\u20133986","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2019-8","volume":"21","author":"M Wassenaar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wassenaar M et al (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing lumbar spinal pathology in adult patients with low back pain or sciatica: a diagnostic systematic review. Eur Spine J 21(2):220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-011-2019-8","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091102400413","volume":"24","author":"JT Wilmink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilmink JT (2011) MR myelography in patients with lumbosacral radicular pain: diagnostic value and technique. Neuroradiol J 24(4):570\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/197140091102400413","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"2236_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2024.100279","volume":"22","author":"M Pojskic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pojskic M, Bisson E, Oertel J, Takami T, Zygourakis C, Costa F (2024) Lumbar disc herniation: Epidemiology, clinical and radiologic diagnosis WFNS spine committee recommendations. World Neurosurg X 22:100279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wnsx.2024.100279","journal-title":"World Neurosurg X"},{"key":"2236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53486-6.00053-3","author":"SM Selkirk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Selkirk SM, Ruff R (2016) Low back pain, radiculopathy. Handb Clin Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53486-6.00053-3","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2236_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200006150-00007","volume":"25","author":"WJ Mullin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mullin WJ, Heithoff KB, Gilbert TJ, Renfrew DL (2000) Magnetic resonance evaluation of recurrent disc herniation. Spine 25(12):1493\u20131499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200006150-00007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"03","key":"2236_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_341_16","volume":"13","author":"A Sarmast","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarmast A, Kirmani A, Bhat A (2018) Evaluation of role of electrophysiological studies in patients with lumbar disc disease. Asian J Neurosurg 13(03):585\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_341_16","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0770-2","volume":"17","author":"TS Jensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jensen TS, Karppinen J, Sorensen JS, Niinim\u00e4ki J, Leboeuf-Yde C (2008) Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J 17(11):1407\u20131422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-008-0770-2","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0758-y","volume":"17","author":"Y-H Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang Y-H, Zhao C-Q, Jiang L-S, Chen X-D, Dai L-Y (2008) Modic changes: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J 17(10):1289\u20131299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-008-0758-y","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25240","volume":"40","author":"PM Udby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Udby PM, Samartzis D, Carreon LY, Andersen M\u00d8, Karppinen J, Modic M (2022) A definition and clinical grading of Modic changes. J Orthop Res 40(2):301\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.25240","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2236_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-024-01913-9","volume":"129","author":"F Erdem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erdem F et al (2024) Automated detection of bone lesions using CT and MRI: a systematic review. Radiol Med 129(12):1898\u20131905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-024-01913-9","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2236_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3209585","volume":"26","author":"T Sustersic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sustersic T, Rankovic V, Milovanovic V, Kovacevic V, Rasulic L, Filipovic N (2022) A deep learning model for automatic detection and classification of disc herniation in magnetic resonance images. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 26(12):6036\u20136046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3209585","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-024-01791-1","volume":"129","author":"V Granata","year":"2024","unstructured":"Granata V et al (2024) Preliminary data on artificial intelligence tool in magnetic resonance imaging assessment of degenerative pathologies of lumbar spine. Radiol Med 129(4):623\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-024-01791-1","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2236_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.20.2441","volume":"296","author":"JN Weinstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weinstein JN et al (2006) Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation. The Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): A randomized trial. JAMA 296(20):2441\u20132450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.296.20.2441","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253513","volume":"27","author":"X Buy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buy X, Gangi A (2010) Percutaneous treatment of intervertebral disc herniation. Semin Intervent Radiol 27(2):148\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1253513","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-012-1422-5","volume":"42","author":"N Amoretti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amoretti N, Huwart L, Marcy P-Y, Foti P, Hauger O, Boileau P (2013) CT- and fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous discectomy for lumbar radiculopathy related to disc herniation: a comparative prospective study comparing lateral to medial herniated discs. Skeletal Radiol 42(1):49\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-012-1422-5","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2236_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013815.pub2","author":"AG Cashin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cashin AG et al (2023) Pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews\u201d. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013815.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"13","key":"2236_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0074","volume":"121","author":"N K\u00f6gl","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00f6gl N, Petr O, L\u00f6scher W, Liljenqvist U, Thom\u00e9 C (2024) Lumbar disc herniation. Dtsch Arztebl Int 121(13):440\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0074","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2236_CR42","unstructured":"WHO guideline for non-surgical management of chronic primary low back pain in adults in primary and community care settings. World Health Organization, 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK599212\/"},{"key":"2236_CR43","unstructured":"L. Manchikanti et al., \u201cSystematic review an update of the systematic assessment of mechanical lumbar disc decompression with nucleoplasty\u201d, [online]. available: www.painphysicianjournal.comwww.painphysicianjournal.com"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-009-1041-3","volume":"130","author":"D Yan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yan D, Li J, Zhu H, Zhang Z, Duan L (2010) Percutaneous cervical nucleoplasty and percutaneous cervical discectomy treatments of the contained cervical disc herniation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 130(11):1371\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-009-1041-3","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0757-1","volume":"23","author":"I Urits","year":"2019","unstructured":"Urits I et al (2019) Low back pain, a comprehensive review: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep 23(3):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-019-0757-1","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0821-x","volume":"23","author":"L Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao L, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Abd-Elsayed A (2019) Treatment of discogenic low back pain: current treatment strategies and future options\u2014a literature review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 23(11):86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-019-0821-x","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"1073","key":"2236_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150406","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150406","volume":"90","author":"G Facchini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Facchini G, Spinnato P, Guglielmi G, Albisinni U, Bazzocchi A (2017) A comprehensive review of pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of pain associated with different spinal conditions. Br J Radiol 90(1073):20150406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20150406","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/447","volume":"20","author":"S Helm Ii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Helm Ii S, Simopoulos TT, Stojanovic M, Abdi S, El Terany MA (2017) Effectiveness of thermal annular procedures in treating discogenic low back pain. Pain Physician 20(6):447\u2013470","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091102400420","volume":"24","author":"K Pardatscher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pardatscher K, Volpentesta G, Bombardieri C, Giaquinta A (2011) Percutaneous treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc hernias with discogel. Neuroradiol J 24(4):627\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/197140091102400420","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.0042","volume":"13","author":"M Nagae","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nagae M et al (2007) Intervertebral disc regeneration using platelet-rich plasma and biodegradable gelatin hydrogel microspheres. Tissue Eng 13(1):147\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.2006.0042","journal-title":"Tissue Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062963","volume":"22","author":"F Russo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russo F et al (2021) A hyaluronan and platelet-rich plasma hydrogel for mesenchymal stem cell delivery in the intervertebral disc: an organ culture study. Int J Mol Sci 22(6):2963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22062963","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101094","volume":"260","author":"D Erginousakis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erginousakis D et al (2011) Comparative prospective randomized study comparing conservative treatment and percutaneous disk decompression for treatment of intervertebral disk herniation. Radiology 260(2):487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.11101094","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-020-01133-x","volume":"125","author":"AM Ierardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ierardi AM et al (2020) Percutaneous cervical discectomy: retrospective comparison of two different techniques. Radiol Med 125(6):569\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-020-01133-x","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.SPINE09208","volume":"12","author":"PC Gerszten","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerszten PC et al (2010) Plasma disc decompression compared with fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal epidural steroid injections for symptomatic contained lumbar disc herniation: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Neurosurg Spine 12(4):357\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.10.SPINE09208","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2236_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.02.023","volume":"84","author":"A Kelekis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelekis A, Filippiadis DK (2015) Percutaneous treatment of cervical and lumbar herniated disc. Eur J Radiol 84(5):771\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.02.023","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.1836260.130","volume":"16","author":"J Bae","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bae J, Chachan S (2019) Percutaneous endoscopic thoracic discectomy in the upper and midthoracic spine: a technical note. Neurospine 16(1):148\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14245\/ns.1836260.130","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"2236_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080471","author":"S Masala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masala S, Salimei F, Lacch\u00e8 A, Marcia S, Massari F (2019) Overview on percutaneous therapies of disc diseases. MDPI AG. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55080471","journal-title":"MDPI AG"},{"issue":"5","key":"2236_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.12.008","volume":"22","author":"F Fasoli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fasoli F, Gandini R, Scaggiante J, Bartolo M, Capobianco SV, Cerone G (2022) Minimally-invasive percutaneous treatments for low back pain and leg pain: a randomized controlled study of thermal disc decompression versus mechanical percutaneous disc decompression. Spine J 22(5):709\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.12.008","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-009-9720-6","volume":"33","author":"W-G Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu W-G, Wu X-T, Guo J-H, Zhuang S-Y, Teng G-J (2010) Long-term outcomes of patients with lumbar disc herniation treated with percutaneous discectomy: comparative study with microendoscopic discectomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 33(4):780\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-009-9720-6","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4253-8","volume":"43","author":"R Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi R et al (2019) Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy versus microendoscopic discectomy for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis. Int Orthop 43(4):923\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-018-4253-8","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2236_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Manchikanti et al., (2013) \u201cAn updated review of automated percutaneous mechanical lumbar discectomy for the contained herniated lumbar disc.,\u201d Pain Physician, vol. 16, no. 2 Suppl, pp. SE151\u201384","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/SE151"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1053\/j.trap.2007.05.009","volume":"11","author":"L Kapural","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kapural L, Cata JP (2007) Complications of percutaneous techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of discogenic lower back pain. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag 11(3):157\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.trap.2007.05.009","journal-title":"Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag"},{"key":"2236_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Guarnieri et al., (2009) \u201cA comparison of minimally invasive techniques in percutaneous treatment of lumbar herniated discs a review,\u201d [Online]. Available: www.centauro.it","DOI":"10.1177\/197140090902200116"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019917699981","volume":"23","author":"PA Brouwer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brouwer PA et al (2017) Percutaneous laser disc decompression versus conventional microdiscectomy for patients with sciatica: Two-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Interv Neuroradiol 23(3):313\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1591019917699981","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2236_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.14692-15.2","author":"YC Erbas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erbas YC, Pusat S, Erdogan E (2015) Percutaneous laser disc decompression: retrospective analysis of 197 cases and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.14692-15.2","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR66","first-page":"232","volume":"27","author":"B Schenk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schenk B, Brouwer PA, Peul WC, van Buchem MA (2006) Percutaneous laser disk decompression: a review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27(1):232\u2013235","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000184153.98344.a4","volume":"85","author":"SM Bhagia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhagia SM et al (2006) Side effects and complications after percutaneous disc decompression using coblation technology. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85(1):6\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.phm.0000184153.98344.a4","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2020.33.1.66","volume":"33","author":"M Hashemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashemi M, Dadkhah P, Taheri M, Katibeh P, Asadi S (2020) Effectiveness of intradiscal injection of radiopaque gelified ethanol (DiscoGel \u00ae ) versus percutaneous laser disc decompression in patients with chronic radicular low back pain. Korean J Pain 33(1):66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3344\/kjp.2020.33.1.66","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463720917182","volume":"15","author":"D La Torre","year":"2021","unstructured":"La Torre D et al (2021) Percutaneous intradiscal injection of radiopaque gelified ethanol: short- and long-term functional outcome and complication rate in a consecutive series of patients with lumbar disc herniation. Br J Pain 15(2):234\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2049463720917182","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009211000622","volume":"34","author":"R Fiori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiori R, Forcina M, Di Donna C, Spiritigliozzi L, Cavallo AU, Floris R (2021) Effects on pain of percutaneous treatment of cervical disc herniations using DiscoGel: A retrospective analysis. Neuroradiol J 34(4):313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19714009211000622","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02745-y","volume":"13","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W et al (2022) Application of stem cells in the repair of intervertebral disc degeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 13(1):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13287-022-02745-y","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5939","volume":"55","author":"MD Yurtluk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yurtluk MD, Apaydin AS, Kina H, Than K (2025) Thoracic disc herniations: diagnosis, surgical techniques, and complication insights. Turk J Med Sci 55(1):17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55730\/1300-0144.5939","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4224-0","volume":"43","author":"C Bouthors","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouthors C, Benzakour A, Court C (2019) Surgical treatment of thoracic disc herniation: an overview. Int Orthop 43(4):807\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-018-4224-0","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2236_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2023.108055","volume":"236","author":"MK Kasliwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kasliwal MK (2024) Evolution and current status of surgical management of thoracic disc herniation - a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 236:108055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2023.108055","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2236_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.7.155","author":"SMW Haufe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haufe SMW, Mork AR, Pyne M, Baker RA (2010) Percutaneous laser disc decompression for thoracic disc disease: report of 10 cases. Int J Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.7.155","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07595-7","volume":"32","author":"JDS Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silva JDS, Carelli LE, de Oliveira JAA, de Ara\u00fajo RML (2023) Full-endoscopic discectomy for thoracic disc herniations: a single-arm meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes. Eur Spine J 32(4):1254\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-023-07595-7","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"22","key":"2236_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064039","volume":"356","author":"WC Peul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peul WC et al (2007) Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. N Engl J Med 356(22):2245\u20132256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa064039","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2236_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912658","volume":"382","author":"CS Bailey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bailey CS et al (2020) Surgery versus conservative care for persistent sciatica lasting 4 to 12\u00a0months. N Engl J Med 382(12):1093\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1912658","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2414-469X.2015.09.01","volume":"1","author":"MM Maharaj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maharaj MM, Mobbs RJ, Hogan J, Zhao DF, Rao PJ, Phan K (2015) Anterior cervical disc arthroplasty (ACDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Spine Surg 1(1):72\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2414-469X.2015.09.01","journal-title":"J Spine Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2798-z","volume":"47","author":"KK Kani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kani KK, Chew FS (2018) Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: review and update for radiologists. Skeletal Radiol 47(1):7\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-017-2798-z","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2236_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103280","volume":"14","author":"M Rybaczek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rybaczek M, Mariak Z, Grabala P, \u0141yso\u0144 T (2025) Minimally invasive percutaneous techniques for the treatment of cervical disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 14(10):3280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14103280","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113685","volume":"14","author":"J El Choueiri","year":"2025","unstructured":"El Choueiri J et al (2025) Advancements in spinal endoscopic surgery: comprehensive techniques and pathologies addressed by full endoscopy beyond lumbar disc herniation. J Clin Med 14(11):3685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14113685","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2236_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040602","author":"K Yamada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamada K, Iwasaki N, Sudo H (2022) Biomaterials and cell-based regenerative therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration with a focus on biological and biomechanical functional repair: targeting treatments for disc herniation. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11040602","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["La radiologia medica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11547-026-02236-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11547-026-02236-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11547-026-02236-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:50:46Z","timestamp":1787979046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11547-026-02236-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-026-02236-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1826-6983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1826-6983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Authors Carolina Lanza, Serena Carriero, and Pierpaolo Biondetti declare a potential conflict of interest as Editors of\n                      La Radiologia Medica\n                      . The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants requiring informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}