{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T02:54:13Z","timestamp":1775530453311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010913","name":"HCA International Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["169764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["169764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Predicting changes in face shape from corrective surgery is challenging in growing children with syndromic craniosynostosis. A prediction tool mimicking composite bone and skin movement during facial distraction would be useful for surgical audit and planning. To model surgery, we used a radial basis function (RBF) that is smooth and continuous throughout space whilst corresponding to measured distraction at landmarks. Our aim is to showcase the pipeline for a novel landmark-based, RBF-driven simulation for facial distraction surgery in children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An individual\u2019s dataset comprised of manually placed skin and bone landmarks on operated and unoperated regions. Surgical warps were produced for \u2018older\u2019 monobloc, \u2018older\u2019 bipartition and \u2018younger\u2019 bipartition groups by applying a weighted least-squares RBF fitted to the average landmarks and change vectors. A \u2018normalisation\u2019 warp, from fitting an RBF to craniometric landmark differences from the average, was applied to each dataset before the surgical warp. The normalisation was finally reversed to obtain the individual prediction. Predictions were compared to actual post-operative outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The averaged change vectors for all groups showed skin and bone movements characteristic of the operations. Normalisation for shape\u2013size removed individual asymmetry, size and proportion differences but retained typical pre-operative shape features. The surgical warps removed the average syndromic features. Reversing the normalisation reintroduced the individual\u2019s variation into the prediction. The mid-facial regions were well predicted for all groups. Forehead and brow regions were less well predicted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our novel, landmark-based, weighted RBF can predict the outcome for facial distraction in younger and older children with a variety of head and face shapes. It can replicate the surgical reality of composite bone and skin movement jointly in one model. The potential applications include audit of existing patient outcomes, and predicting outcome for new patients to aid surgical planning.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-019-02063-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T08:53:16Z","timestamp":1572511996000},"page":"351-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A novel RBF-based predictive tool for facial distraction surgery in growing children with syndromic craniosynostosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Angullia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. R.","family":"Fright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Schievano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. D.","family":"Linney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. J.","family":"Dunaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2063_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.02.005","volume":"43","author":"FC Staal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Staal FC, Ponniah AJ, Angullia F, Ruff C, Koudstaal MJ, Dunaway D (2015) Describing Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndrome based on principal component analysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 43(4):528\u2013536","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2063_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182778882","volume":"131","author":"AVH Greig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greig AVH, Britto JA, Abela C, Witherow H, Richards R, Evans RD, Jeelani NUO, Hayward RD, Dunaway DJ (2013) Correcting the typical apert face: combining bipartition with monobloc distraction. Plast Reconstr Surg 131(2):219e\u2013230e","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2063_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/42.552059","volume":"16","author":"JC Carr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carr JC, Fright WR, Beatson RK (1997) Surface interpolation with radial basis functions for medical imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 16(1):96\u2013107","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2063_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003016","volume":"139","author":"R Visser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Visser R, Ruff CF, Angullia F, Ponniah AJ, Jeelani NU, Britto JA, Koudstaal MJ, Dunaway DJ (2017) Evaluating the efficacy of monobloc distraction in the Crouzon\u2013Pfeiffer craniofacial deformity using geometric morphometrics. Plast Reconstr Surg 139(2):477e\u2013487e","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2063_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besl PJ, McKay ND (1992) Method for registration of 3-D shapes. In: Proceedings of SPIE 1611, sensor fusion IV: control paradigms and data structures","DOI":"10.1117\/12.57955"},{"issue":"3","key":"2063_CR6","first-page":"216","volume":"71","author":"KA Mobarak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mobarak KA, Krogstad O, Espeland L, Lyberg T (2001) Factors influencing the predictability of soft tissue profile changes following mandibular setback surgery. Angle Orthod 71(3):216\u2013227","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2063_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coombes AM, Linney AD, Richards R, Moss JP (1991) Method for the analysis of the 3-D shape of the face and changes in the shape brought about by facial surgery. In: Proceedings of SPIE 1380, biostereometric technology and applications","DOI":"10.1117\/12.25119"},{"key":"2063_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr JC, Beatson RK, Cherrie JB, Mitchell TJ, Fright WR, McCallum BC, Evans TR (2001) Reconstruction and representation of 3D objects with radial basis functions. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH\u201901, pp 67\u201376","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383266"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-019-02063-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-019-02063-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-019-02063-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:45:37Z","timestamp":1604018737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-019-02063-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-019-02063-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6410","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained for all participants in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}